Editing Chuvash language (section)

==== Finite verb forms ====
The '''personal endings''' of the verb are mostly as follows (abstracting from vowel harmony):<ref>Павлов (2017: 229), Rona-Tas (1997: 5)</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st person
| -(ӑ)п/(ӑ)м
| -(ӑ)пӑр/(ӑ)мӑр
|-
!2nd person
| -(ӑ)н
| -(ӑ)р
|-
!3rd person
| -(ӗ)
| -(ӗ)ҫ(ӗ)
|}
The 1st person allomorph containing -п- is found in the present and future tenses, the one containing -м- is found in other forms. The 3rd singular is absent in the future and in the present tenses, but causes palatalisation of the preceding consonant in the latter. The vowel-final allomorph of the 3rd plural -ҫӗ is used in the present.<ref name=":2"/> The imperative has somewhat more deviant endings in some of its forms:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!singular
!plural
|-
!1st person
| -ам
| -ар
|-
!2nd person
| -∅
| -ӑр
|-
!3rd person
| -тӑр 
| -ч(ч)ӑр
|}

To these imperative verb forms, one may add particles expressing insistence (-сам) or, conversely, softness (-ччӗ) and politeness (-ах).

The main '''tense markers''' are:<ref>Róna-Tas (1997: 5); Павлов (2017: 269) about the present tense</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!present
| -(a)т-
|-
!future
| -∅-
|-
!past
| -р/т-
|-
!pluperfect
| -ӑс(с)ӑtt-
|-
!iterative past
| -атт-<ref>Павлов (2017: 255)</ref>
|}
The consonant -т of the present tense marker assimilates to the 3rd plural personal ending: -ҫҫĕ. The past tense allomorph -р- is used after vowels, while -т- is used after consonants. The simple past tense is used only for witnesses events, whereas retold events are expressed using the past participle suffix -н(ӑ) (see below). In addition to the iterative past, there is also an aspectual iterative suffix -кала- expressing repetitive action.

There are also '''modal markers''',<ref name=":2"/> which do not combine with tense markers and hence have sometimes been described as tenses of their own:<ref>Павлов 2017: passim, e.g. p. 296</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!suffix
|-
!conditional<ref name=":2">Róna-Tas (1997: 5)</ref>/optative<ref>Павлов (2017: 295-296)</ref>
| -ӑттӑ-
|-
!concessive
| -ин
|}
The concessive suffix -ин is added after the personal endings, but in the 2nd singular and plural, a -с- suffix is added ''before'' them: кур-ӑ-сӑн(-ин) 'alright, see it'.<ref>Павлов (2017: 275)</ref> If the particle -ччӗ is added, the meaning becomes optative.<ref>Павлов (2017: 300)</ref>

Potentiality is expressed with the suffix -(а)й 'be able to'.

The '''negative''' is expressed by a suffix inserted before the tense and modal markers. It contains -м- and mostly has the form -м(а)-, but -мас- in the present and -мӑ- in the future.<ref name=":2"/> The imperative uses the proclitic particle ан instead (or, optionally, an enclitic мар in the 1st person).

A '''change of valency''' to a passive-reflexive 'voice' may be effected by the addition of the suffixes -ӑл- and -ӑн-, but the process is not productive and the choice of suffix is not predictable. Still, if both occur with the same stem, -ӑл- is passive and -ӑн- is reflexive.<ref>Павлов (2017: 207)</ref> A '[[Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal]] voice' form is produced by the suffixes -ӑш and -ӑҫ.<ref>Павлов (2017: 208-209)</ref> There are two [[causative]] suffixes - a non-productive -ат/ар/ӑт and a productive -(т)тар (the single consonant allomorph occurring after monosyllabic stems).<ref>Павлов (2017: 211-212)</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Voice suffixes
!passive-
reflexive
| -ӑл-,
-ӑн- 
|-
!reciprocal
| -ӑш,
-ӑҫ
|-
!causative
| -(т)тар, (-ат/ар/ӑт)
|}
There are, furthermore, various periphrastic constructions using the non-finite verb forms, mostly featuring predicative use of the participles (see below).