Editing Czech language (section)

===Common Czech===
[[File:Dialects of the Czech language.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Dialects of Czech, [[Moravian dialects|Moravian]], [[Lach dialects|Lach]], and [[Cieszyn Silesian]] spoken in the Czech Republic. The border areas, where German was formerly spoken, are now mixed.]]
The main Czech vernacular, spoken primarily in [[Bohemia]] including the capital [[Prague]], is known as Common Czech (''obecná čeština''). This is an academic distinction; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with deformed or "incorrect" Czech.<ref name="Wilson 2010 21">{{Harvnb|Wilson|2009|p=21}}</ref> Compared to Standard Czech, Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution.<ref name="sciences">{{cite web|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15079160|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic]]|date=2003|title=The present-day situation of Czech|last=Daneš|first=František|access-date=August 10, 2014|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Common Czech is distinguished from spoken/colloquial Standard Czech ({{lang|cs|hovorová čeština}}), which is a [[style (sociolinguistics)|stylistic variety]] within standard Czech.<ref name=:0>{{cite journal | language=pl| journal=Bohemistyka | issn=1642-9893 | year=2006 | number=1 | last=Balowska | first= Grażyna | location=Opole | url=http://www.bohemistyka.pl/artykuly/2006/ART_Balowska_01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505182653/http://www.bohemistyka.pl/artykuly/2006/ART_Balowska_01.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-05 |url-status=live | title=Problematyka czeszczyzny potocznej nieliterackiej (tzw. obecná čeština) na łamach czasopisma "Naše řeč" w latach dziewięćdziesiątych}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Bohemistyka | issn=1642-9893 | year=2015 | number=2 | last=Štěpán | first= Josef | location=Prague | url=http://bohemistyka.pl/artykuly/2015/Stepan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510143346/http://bohemistyka.pl/artykuly/2015/Stepan.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-10 |url-status=live | title=Hovorová spisovná čeština | language=cs}}</ref> [[Tomasz Kamusella]] defines the spoken variety of Standard Czech as a compromise between Common Czech and the written standard,<ref>{{cite book|page=506|title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe|first=Tomasz|last=Kamusella|publisher=Springer|date=2008|isbn=9780230583474}}</ref> while [[Miroslav Komárek]] calls Common Czech an intersection of spoken Standard Czech and regional dialects.<ref name="kom117">{{Harvnb|Komárek|2012|p=117}}</ref>

Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century. It is usually defined as an [[interdialect]] used in common speech in [[Bohemia]] and western parts of [[Moravia]] (by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the [[Czech Republic]]). Common Czech is not [[codification (linguistics)|codified]], but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of media influence. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.<ref name="sciences"/> The colloquial form of Standard Czech finds limited use in daily communication due to the expansion of the Common Czech interdialect.<ref name=:0/> It is sometimes defined as a theoretical construct rather than an actual tool of colloquial communication, since in casual contexts, the non-standard interdialect is preferred.<ref name=:0/>

Common Czech [[phonology]] is based on that of the Central Bohemian dialect group, which has a slightly different set of vowel phonemes to Standard Czech.<ref name="kom117" /> The phoneme /ɛː/ is peripheral and usually merges with /iː/, e.g. in ''mal'''ý''' město'' (small town), ''plam'''í'''nek'' (little flame) and ''l'''í'''tat'' (to fly), and a second native diphthong /ɛɪ̯/ occurs, usually in places where Standard Czech has /iː/, e.g. ''mal'''ej''' dům'' (small house), ''ml'''ej'''n'' (mill), ''pl'''ej'''tvat'' (to waste), ''b'''ej'''t'' (to be).<ref>{{Harvnb|Komárek|2012|p=116}}</ref> In addition, a prothetic ''v-'' is added to most words beginning ''o-'', such as '''''v'''otevřít '''v'''okno'' (to open the window).<ref name="tahal" />

Non-standard [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] features that are more or less common among all Common Czech speakers include:<ref name="tahal">{{Harvnb|Tahal|2010|pp=245–253}}</ref>
* unified [[plural]] [[Ending (linguistics)|ending]]s of [[adjective]]s: ''mal'''ý''' lidi'' (small people), ''mal'''ý''' ženy'' (small women), ''mal'''ý''' města'' (small towns) – standard: ''malí lidé, malé ženy, malá města;''
* unified [[instrumental case|instrumental]] [[Ending (linguistics)|ending]] ''-ma'' in [[plural]]: ''s tě'''ma''' dobrej'''ma''' lid'''ma''', žena'''ma''', chlapa'''ma''', města'''ma''''' (with the good people, women, guys, towns) – standard: ''s těmi dobrými lidmi, ženami, chlapy, městy.'' In essence, this form resembles the form of the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]], which was once a productive form, but now is almost extinct and retained in a lexically specific set of words. In Common Czech the ending became productive again around the 17th century, but used as a substitute for a regular plural form.<ref>{{Harvnb|Komárek|2012|pp=179–180}}</ref> 
* omission of the syllabic ''-l'' in the masculine ending of past tense verbs: ''řek'' (he said), ''moh'' (he could), ''pích'' (he pricked) – standard: ''řekl, mohl, píchl.''
* tendency of merging the locative singular masculine/neuter for adjectives with the instrumental by changing the locative ending ''-ém'' to ''-ým'' and then shortening the vowel: ''mladém'' (standard locative), ''mladým'' (standard instrumental) > ''mladým'' (Common Czech locative), ''mladym'' (Common Czech instrumental) > ''mladym'' (Common Czech locative/instrumental with shortening).<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=Slavica Publishers|date=2005|title=Literary Czech, Common Czech, and the Instrumental Plural|last=Cummins|first=George M.|journal = Journal of Slavic Linguistics|volume = 13|issue = 2|pages = 271–297|jstor = 24599659}}</ref>

Examples of declension (Standard Czech is added in italics for comparison):

{|class=wikitable
|-
!&nbsp;
!&nbsp;
!Masculine<br>animate
!Masculine<br>inanimate
!Feminine
!Neuter
|-
!rowspan="7"|Sg.
!Nominative
|mlad'''ej''' člověk<br />''mladý člověk''
|mlad'''ej''' stát<br />''mladý stát''
|mladá žena<br />''mladá žena''
|mlad'''ý''' zvíře<br />''mladé zvíře''
|-
!Genitive
|mlad'''ýho''' člověka<br />''mladého člověka''
|mlad'''ýho''' státu<br />''mladého státu''
|mlad'''ý''' ženy<br />''mladé ženy''
|mlad'''ýho''' zvířete<br />''mladého zvířete''
|-
!Dative
|mlad'''ýmu''' člověkovi<br />''mladému člověku''
|mlad'''ýmu''' státu<br />''mladému státu''
|mlad'''ý''' ženě<br />''mladé ženě''
|mlad'''ýmu''' zvířeti<br />''mladému zvířeti''
|-
!Accusative
|mlad'''ýho''' člověka<br />''mladého člověka''
|mlad'''ej''' stát<br />''mladý stát''
|mladou ženu<br />''mladou ženu''
|mlad'''ý''' zvíře<br />''mladé zvíře''
|-
!Vocative
|mlad'''ej''' člověče!<br />''mladý člověče!''
|mlad'''ej''' státe!<br />''mladý státe!''
|mladá ženo!<br />''mladá ženo!''
|mlad'''ý''' zvíře!<br />''mladé zvíře!''
|-
!Locative
|mlad'''ým''' člověkovi<br />''mladém člověkovi''
|mlad'''ým''' státě<br />''mladém státě''
|mlad'''ý''' ženě<br />''mladé ženě''
|mlad'''ým''' zvířeti<br />''mladém zvířeti''
|-
!Instrumental
|mlad'''ym''' člověkem<br />''mladým člověkem''
|mlad'''ym''' státem<br />''mladým státem''
|mladou ženou<br />''mladou ženou''
|mlad'''ym''' zvířetem<br />''mladým zvířetem''
|-
!rowspan="7"|Pl.
!Nominative
|mlad'''ý''' lidi<br />''mladí lidé''
|mlad'''ý''' státy<br />''mladé státy''
|mlad'''ý''' ženy<br />''mladé ženy''
|mlad'''ý''' zvířata<br />''mladá zvířata''
|-
!Genitive
|mlad'''ejch''' lidí<br />''mladých lidí''
|mlad'''ejch''' států<br />''mladých států''
|mlad'''ejch''' žen<br />''mladých žen''
|mlad'''ejch''' zvířat<br />''mladých zvířat''
|-
!Dative
|mlad'''ejm''' lidem<br />''mladým lidem''
|mlad'''ejm''' státům<br />''mladým státům''
|mlad'''ejm''' ženám<br />''mladým ženám''
|mlad'''ejm''' zvířatům<br />''mladým zvířatům''
|-
!Accusative
|mlad'''ý''' lidi<br />''mladé lidi''
|mlad'''ý''' státy<br />''mladé státy''
|mlad'''ý''' ženy<br />''mladé ženy''
|mlad'''ý''' zvířata<br />''mladá zvířata''
|-
!Vocative
|mlad'''ý''' lidi!<br />''mladí lidé!''
|mlad'''ý''' státy!<br />''mladé státy!''
|mlad'''ý''' ženy!<br />''mladé ženy!''
|mlad'''ý''' zvířata!<br />''mladá zvířata!''
|-
!Locative
|mlad'''ejch''' lidech<br />''mladých lidech''
|mlad'''ejch''' státech<br />''mladých státech''
|mlad'''ejch''' ženách<br />''mladých ženách''
|mlad'''ejch''' zvířatech<br />''mladých zvířatech''
|-
!Instrumental
|mlad'''ejma''' lidma<br />''mladými lidmi''
|mlad'''ejma''' státama<br />''mladými státy''
|mlad'''ejma''' ženama<br />''mladými ženami''
|mlad'''ejma''' zvířatama<br />''mladými zvířaty''
|}

''mladý člověk – young man/person, mladí lidé – young people, mladý stát – young state, mladá žena – young woman, mladé zvíře – young animal''