Editing DNA profiling (section)

===Development of artificial DNA===
In August 2009, scientists in [[Israel]] raised serious doubts concerning the use of DNA by law enforcement as the ultimate method of identification. In a paper published in the journal ''Forensic Science International: Genetics'', the Israeli researchers demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture DNA in a laboratory, thus falsifying DNA evidence. The scientists fabricated saliva and blood samples, which originally contained DNA from a person other than the supposed donor of the blood and saliva.<ref name="pollack">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html|work=The New York Times|title=DNA Evidence Can Be Fabricated, Scientists Show| vauthors = Pollack A |date=18 August 2009|access-date=1 April 2010|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211025192329/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

The researchers also showed that, using a DNA database, it is possible to take information from a profile and manufacture DNA to match it, and that this can be done without access to any actual DNA from the person whose DNA they are duplicating. The synthetic DNA [[Oligonucleotide|oligos]] required for the procedure are common in molecular laboratories.<ref name="pollack"/>

''[[The New York Times]]'' quoted the lead author, Daniel Frumkin, saying, "You can just engineer a crime scene ... any biology undergraduate could perform this".<ref name="pollack"/> Frumkin perfected a test that can differentiate real DNA samples from fake ones. His test detects [[epigenetics|epigenetic]] modifications, in particular, [[DNA methylation]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1186/s41935-018-0042-1|title = Crime investigation through DNA methylation analysis: Methods and applications in forensics| journal=Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences| volume=8|year = 2018| vauthors = Rana AK |doi-access = free}}</ref> Seventy percent of the DNA in any human genome is methylated, meaning it contains [[methyl group]] modifications within a [[CpG dinucleotide]] context. Methylation at the promoter region is associated with gene silencing. The synthetic DNA lacks this [[epigenetic]] modification, which allows the test to distinguish manufactured DNA from genuine DNA.<ref name="pollack"/>

It is unknown how many police departments, if any, currently use the test. No police lab has publicly announced that it is using the new test to verify DNA results.<ref name="frumkin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Frumkin D, Wasserstrom A, Davidson A, Grafit A | title = Authentication of forensic DNA samples | journal = Forensic Science International. Genetics | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–103 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20129467 | doi = 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.009 | url = http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973(09)00099-4/abstract | access-date = 3 April 2010 | url-status = live | citeseerx = 10.1.1.179.2718 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819003826/http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973(09)00099-4/abstract | archive-date = 19 August 2014 }}</ref>

Researchers at the University of Tokyo integrated an artificial DNA replication scheme with a rebuilt gene expression system and micro-compartmentalization utilizing cell-free materials alone for the first time. Multiple cycles of serial dilution were performed on a system contained in microscale water-in-oil droplets.<ref name="frontlinegenomics.com">{{Cite web |last1=Genomics |first1=Front Line |last2=Mobley |first2=Immy |date=2021-11-22 |title=Is the use of artificial genomic DNA the future? - Front Line Genomics |url=https://frontlinegenomics.com/is-the-use-of-artificial-genomic-dna-the-future/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Front Line Genomics - Delivering the Benefits of Genomics to Patients Faster |language=en}}</ref>

'''Chances of making DNA change on purpose'''

Overall, this study's artificial genomic DNA, which kept copying itself using self-encoded proteins and made its sequence better on its own, is a good starting point for making more complex artificial cells. By adding the genes needed for transcription and translation to artificial genomic DNA, it may be possible in the future to make artificial cells that can grow on their own when fed small molecules like amino acids and nucleotides. Using living organisms to make useful things, like drugs and food, would be more stable and easier to control in these artificial cells.<ref name="frontlinegenomics.com"/>

On July 7, 2008, the American chemical society reported that Japanese chemists have created the world's first DNA molecule comprised nearly completely of synthetic components.

'''A nano-particle based artificial transcription factor for gene regulation:'''

Nano Script is a nanoparticle-based artificial transcription factor that is supposed to replicate the structure and function of TFs. On gold nanoparticles, functional peptides and tiny molecules referred to as synthetic transcription factors, which imitate the various TF domains, were attached to create Nano Script. We show that Nano Script localizes to the nucleus and begins transcription of a reporter plasmid by an amount more than 15-fold. Moreover, Nano Script can successfully transcribe targeted genes onto endogenous DNA in a nonviral manner.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Sahishnu |last2=Jung |first2=Dongju |last3=Yin |first3=Perry T. |last4=Carlton |first4=Peter |last5=Yamamoto |first5=Makoto |last6=Bando |first6=Toshikazu |last7=Sugiyama |first7=Hiroshi |last8=Lee |first8=Ki-Bum |date=2014-08-20 |title=NanoScript: A Nanoparticle-Based Artificial Transcription Factor for Effective Gene Regulation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn501589f |journal=ACS Nano |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=8959–8967 |doi=10.1021/nn501589f |pmid=25133310 |pmc=4174092 |issn=1936-0851}}</ref>

Three different fluorophores—red, green, and blue—were carefully fixed on the DNA rod surface to provide spatial information and create a nanoscale barcode. Epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy reliably deciphered spatial information between fluorophores. By moving the three fluorophores on the DNA rod, this nanoscale barcode created 216 fluorescence patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qi |first1=Hao |last2=Huang |first2=Guoyou |last3=Han |first3=Yulong |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiaohui |last5=Li |first5=Yuhui |last6=Pingguan-Murphy |first6=Belinda |last7=Lu |first7=Tian Jian |last8=Xu |first8=Feng |last9=Wang |first9=Lin |date=2015-06-01 |title=Engineering Artificial Machines from Designable DNA Materials for Biomedical Applications |journal=Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=288–297 |doi=10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0494 |issn=1937-3368 |pmc=4442581 |pmid=25547514}}</ref>