Editing Developing country (section)

===Climate change{{anchor|Global_warming}}===
{{Further|Effects of climate change|Climate change in Africa|Climate change in South Asia}}

====Particular vulnerability to climate change====
[[File:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=NASA}}</ref>]]
The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) has confirmed that warming of the climate system due to human intervention is 'unequivocal'.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |doi=10.1017/cbo9781107415324.023 |chapter=Near-term Climate Change: Projections and Predictability |title=Climate Change 2013 – the Physical Science Basis |date=2014 |pages=953–1028 |isbn=978-1-107-05799-9 }}</ref> The [[effects of climate change]] will be felt around the globe and will result in events such as [[Extreme weather|extreme weather events]], droughts, floods, [[biodiversity loss]], disease and [[sea level rise]], which are dangerous for societies and the environment.<ref name=":0" />

Although 79% of carbon emissions are produced by developed countries,<ref>Center for Global Development, 18 August 2015 [https://www.cgdev.org/media/who-caused-climate-change-historically "Developed Countries Are Responsible for 79 Percent of Historical Carbon Emissions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222050116/https://www.cgdev.org/media/who-caused-climate-change-historically |date=22 December 2020 }}</ref> and developing countries have not been the major cause of climate change,<ref name=":8" /> they are the most at risk from the effects of these changes and may face challenges in [[Climate change adaptation|adapting to climate change]] due to the intersecting issues of high climate vulnerability, low economic status,<ref>UK Government Official Documents, February 2021, [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf "The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520070152/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/957629/Dasgupta_Review_-_Headline_Messages.pdf |date=20 May 2022 }} p. 2</ref> restricted access to technology, failing infrastructure and limited access to financial resources. Where a country is particularly [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]] they are called "highly climate vulnerable"{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}. This applies to many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, [[fragile state]]s or [[failed state]]s like Afghanistan, Haiti, Myanmar, and Somalia, as well as to [[Small Island Developing States]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}. In the cases where developing countries produce only small quantities of greenhouse gas emissions per capita but are very vulnerable to the negative effects of global warming, the term "forced riders" as opposed to the "free riders" has been used as a descriptor.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Australia, the US and Europe are climate 'free-riders': it's time to step up|url=https://theconversation.com/australia-the-us-and-europe-are-climate-free-riders-its-time-to-step-up-53953|access-date=4 May 2018|work=The Conversation (Australia edition)|date=5 February 2016 |archive-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155748/https://theconversation.com/australia-the-us-and-europe-are-climate-free-riders-its-time-to-step-up-53953|url-status=live}}</ref> Such countries include Comoros, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.<ref name=":3" />

Climate vulnerability has been quantified in the [[Climate Vulnerability Monitor]] reports of 2010 and 2012. Climate vulnerability in developing countries occurs in four key areas: health, extreme weather, [[habitat loss]], and economic stress.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> A report by the Climate Vulnerability Monitor in 2012 estimated that climate change causes 400,000 deaths on average each year, mainly due to hunger and communicable diseases in developing countries.<ref name="CVM report 2012">{{Cite book|editor=Matthew McKinnon|title=Climate vulnerability monitor : a guide to the cold calculus of a hot planet|date=2012|publisher=DARA|others=DARA, Climate Vulnerable Forum|isbn=9788461605675|edition=2nd|location=Madrid|oclc=828337356}}{{pn|date=May 2025}}</ref>{{Rp|17}} These effects are most severe for the world's poorest countries. Internationally there is recognition of the mismatch between those that have caused climate change and those which will suffer the most from climate change, termed "[[climate justice]]". It has been a topic for discussion at some of the [[United Nations Climate Change conference|United Nations Climate Change Conferences]] (COP).

"When we think about livelihoods at risk from climate change impacts, we know that people living in developing countries, and especially the least-developed countries and small island states, often have the least financial resources to adapt", says Nancy Saich, the [[European Investment Bank]]'s chief climate change expert.<ref>{{cite web|title=A plan for the long haul to contribute finance to the European Green Deal|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/climate-bank-roadmap|access-date=10 June 2021|website=European Investment Bank|language=en|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619233202/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/climate-bank-roadmap|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Effects====
A changing climate also results in economic burdens. The economies in [[Least Developed Countries]] have lost an average of 7% of their [[gross domestic product]] for the year 2010, mainly due to reduced [[Workforce productivity|labor productivity]].<ref name="CVM report 2012" />{{Rp|14}} Rising sea levels cost 1% of GDP to the least developed countries in 2010 – 4% in the Pacific – with 65 billion dollars annually lost from the [[world economy]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=17016|title=Climate vulnerability monitor 2010: the state of the climate crisis – Documents & Publications – Professional Resources|publisher=PreventionWeb.net|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=11 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311074817/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=17016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another example is the effect on [[Fishery|fisheries]]: approximately 40 countries are acutely vulnerable to the effects of [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas emissions]] on fisheries. Developing countries with large fisheries sectors are particularly affected.<ref name="CVM report 2012" />{{Rp|279}} During the [[2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Cancún COP16 in 2010]], [[List of development aid country donors|donor countries]] promised an annual $100 billion by 2020 through the [[Green Climate Fund]] for developing countries to adapt to climate change. However, concrete pledges by developed countries have not been forthcoming.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/climate-finance-terrible-sense-limbo-says-iied-expert-saleemul-huq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012042541/http://www.dandc.eu/articles/220605/index.en.shtml|url-status = dead|title=Climate finance is in "a terrible sense of limbo", says IIED expert Saleemul Huq|archive-date=12 October 2012|website=D+C}}</ref><ref name="International_Adaptation_Finance">{{cite book|url=http://www.eed.de/fix/files/doc/2008_BMueller_int_adapatation_finance.pdf|title=International Adaptation Finance: The Need for an Innovative and Strategic Approach 4 (Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Working Paper)|last1=Müller|first1=Benito|date=2008|publisher=Oxford Institute for Energy Studies|isbn=978-1-901795-76-9|location=Oxford|name-list-style=vanc|access-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229175020/http://www.eed.de/fix/files/doc/2008_BMueller_int_adapatation_finance.pdf|archive-date=29 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Emmanuel Macron]] ([[President of France]]) said at the [[2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Bonn (COP 23): "Climate change adds further injustice to an already unfair world".<ref name="Carrington-2017.11.15">Damian Carrington, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/climate-change-will-determine-humanitys-destiny-says-angela-merkel "Climate change will determine humanity's destiny, says Angela Merkel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319095124/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/climate-change-will-determine-humanitys-destiny-says-angela-merkel |date=19 March 2018 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 15 November 2017 (page visited on 15 November 2017).</ref> [[Economic development]] and climate are inextricably linked, particularly around poverty, [[gender equality]], and energy.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Ansuategi, A|last2=Greño, P|last3=Houlden, V|display-authors=etal|date=May 2015|title=The impact of climate change on the achievement of the post-2015 sustainable development goals|url=http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Impact-of-climate-on-SDGs-technical-report-CDKN.pdf|access-date=20 May 2015|publisher=CDKN & HR Wallingford|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926020447/http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Impact-of-climate-on-SDGs-technical-report-CDKN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tackling climate change will only be possible if the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs) are met, in particular [[Sustainable Development Goal 13]] on [[Individual and political action on climate change|climate action]].<ref name=":1" />

Climate stress is likely to add to existing [[Human migration|migration]] patterns in developing countries and beyond but is not expected to generate entirely new flows of people.<ref name="wdr migration">{{citation|title=Managing social risks: Empower communities to protect themselves|author=The World Bank|chapter=Part One: Chapter 2: Reducing Human Vulnerability: Helping People Help Themselves|chapter-url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/Chapter-2.pdf|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=7 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507173000/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2010/Resources/5287678-1226014527953/Chapter-2.pdf|url-status=live}}, p. 109, {{harvnb|WDR|2010}}.</ref>{{Rp|110|date=November 2012}} A report by the [[World Bank]] in 2018 estimated that around 143 million people in three regions (Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America) could be forced to move within their own countries to escape the slow-onset effects of climate change. They will migrate from less viable areas with lower water availability and [[Agricultural productivity|crop productivity]] and from areas affected by rising sea level and [[storm surge]]s.<ref>Rigaud, Kanta Kumari; de Sherbinin, Alex; Jones, Bryan; Bergmann, Jonas; Clement, Viviane; Ober, Kayly; Schewe, Jacob; Adamo, Susana; McCusker, Brent; Heuser, Silke; Midgley, Amelia. 2018. [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461 Groundswell : Preparing for Internal Climate Migration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322001911/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461 |date=22 March 2018 }}. World Bank, Washington, DC.</ref>

In spite of the cumulative stressors and challenges faced by developing countries in adapting to the effects of climate change, there are those that are world leaders in the field such as [[Bangladesh]]. Bangladesh created a national programme in 2009 focused on [[Climate change in Bangladesh|how the country would adapt to climate change]] (the first country to do so).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Natasha |title=Bangladesh launches climate change action plan |journal=Nature |date=11 September 2008 |doi=10.1038/news.2008.1103 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Haq|first=Naimul|date=9 July 2019|title=Bangladesh global leader in fighting climate change|work=Bangladesh Post|url=https://bangladeshpost.net/|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127172829/https://bangladeshpost.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> It established a fund to support these plans, spending on average $1 billion annually in this regard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Star Report|date=10 July 2019|title=Hamid for active role in climate change adaptation|work=The Daily Star|url=https://thedailystar.net/|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130091058/https://www.thedailystar.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many corporations have a higher chance of breaking environmental regulations when financial policies are uncertain. In the article "Economic growth and environmental sustainability in developing economies" written by Ahmed Imran Hunjra, Elie Bouri, Muhammad Azam, Rauf I. Azam, and Jiapeng Dai, they make the claim that businesses tend to cut corners during periods of financial uncertainty. “During uncertain economic conditions, businesses are likely to implement cost-cutting measures that compromise environmental standards. As a consequence, pollution increases as eco-friendly practices are replaced by less expensive alternatives” (p. 18). “FPU has additional cascading effects… policy paralysis; governments may be reluctant to enforce existing environmental regulations or implement new ones” (p. 18). We see that in these economic shock periods and recessions, businesses resort to cost cutting measures at the expense of the environment. In doing so, pollution will increase and result in harm to the environment overall. The term for this is Financial Policy Uncertainty (FPU) which is a big reason why many businesses might not always adopt the green way of conducting business. It might not be in their best financial interest and incur more costs to them. Eco-Friendly practices are not always the cheapest option and many businesses may opt for cheaper alternatives which would save them money but cause harm to the environment. Shocks to the economy slows down environmental progress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunjra |first1=Ahmed Imran |last2=Bouri |first2=Elie |last3=Azam |first3=Muhammad |last4=Azam |first4=Rauf I |last5=Dai |first5=Jiapeng |title=Economic growth and environmental sustainability in developing economies |journal=Research in International Business and Finance |date=June 2024 |volume=70 |pages=102341 |doi=10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102341 }}</ref>