Editing Dingo (section)

==Impact==
=== Ecological ===
====Extinction of thylacines====

{{See also|Thylacine#Extinction in the Australian mainland|l1=Extinction of the thylacine in mainland Australia}}

Some researchers propose that the dingo caused the extirpation of the [[thylacine]], the [[Tasmanian devil]], and the [[Tasmanian nativehen|Tasmanian native hen]] from mainland Australia because of the correlation in space and time with the dingo's arrival. Recent studies have questioned this proposal, suggesting that climate change and increasing human populations may have been the cause.<ref>{{cite web|last=MacDonald|first=Fiona|title=Dingoes cleared of mainland extinctions|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2013/09/dingoes-cleared-of-mainland-extinctions/|work=Australian Geographic|access-date=2 March 2014|author2=AAP|date=9 September 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020010232/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2013/09/dingoes-cleared-of-mainland-extinctions/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dingoes do not seem to have had the same ecological impact that [[Feral foxes in Australia|invasive red foxes]] have in modern times. This might be connected to the dingo's way of hunting and the size of their favoured prey, as well as to the low number of dingoes in the time before European colonisation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Short|first1=J|title=Surplus killing by introduced predators in Australia—evidence for ineffective anti-predator adaptations in native prey species?|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=103|pages=283–301|year=2002|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00139-2|issue=3|last2=Kinnear|first2=J.E.|last3=Robley|first3=Alan|bibcode=2002BCons.103..283S}}</ref>

In 2017, a genetic study found that the population of the northwestern dingoes had commenced expanding since 4,000—6,000 years ago. This was proposed to be due either to their first arrival in Australia or to the commencement of the extinction of the thylacine, with the dingo expanding into the thylacine's former range.<ref name=cairns2017/>

==== Interactions with humans ====

[[File:Dingo Fraser Is.jpg|thumb|Dingo, Fraser Island, Queensland]]

The first [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] colonists who settled at [[Port Jackson]], in 1788, recorded the dingo living with [[Aboriginal Australians|indigenous Australians]],<ref name="tench1789" /> and later at [[Melville Island (Australia)|Melville Island]], in 1818. Furthermore, they were noted at the lower [[Darling River|Darling]] and [[Murray River|Murray]] rivers in 1862, indicating that the dingo was possibly semi-domesticated (or at least utilised in a "[[symbiotic]]" manner) by aboriginal Australians.<ref name="Jackson2019" /> When livestock farming began expanding across Australia, in the early 19th century, dingoes began preying on sheep and cattle. Numerous population-control measures have been implemented since then, including a nation-wide fencing project, with only limited success.<ref name="smithC5" />

[[File:1208 To Alice Springs - Baby Dingo.jpg|thumb|right|Dingoes are sometimes kept as pets, although their tendencies as wild animals are difficult to suppress.]]

Dingoes can be tame when they come in frequent contact with humans.<ref name="DoritAusdruck" /> Furthermore, some dingoes live with humans. Many [[indigenous Australians]] and early European settlers lived alongside dingoes. Indigenous Australians would take dingo pups from the den and tame them until sexual maturity and the dogs would leave.<ref name=Coppinger>{{Cite book|last=Coppinger|first=Raymond and Lorna|title=Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, & Evolution|year=2001|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-0-684-85530-1|pages=45, 67}}<!--|access-date=29 May 2013--></ref> 

According to David Jenkins, a research fellow at [[Charles Sturt University]], the breeding and reintroduction of pure dingoes is no easy option and, as of 2007, there were no studies that seriously dealt with this topic, especially in areas where dingo populations are already present.<ref name="dilution">{{Cite web|author=Beeby, Rosslyn |title=Genetic dilution dogs dingoes|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/environment/genetic-dilution-dogs-dingoes/666292.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415072636/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/environment/genetic-dilution-dogs-dingoes/666292.aspx|archive-date=2009-04-15|work=The Canberra Times|date=7 February 2007|access-date=14 May 2009}}</ref>

====Interactions with other animals====

Much of the present place of wild dogs in the Australian ecosystem, especially in the urban areas, remains unknown. Although the ecological role of dingoes in Northern and Central Australia is well understood, the same does not apply to the role of wild dogs in the east of the continent. In contrast to some claims,<ref name="Hass">{{cite web|title=Breeding Lethal Weapons of Mass Destruction Sanctioned|url=http://www.sosnews.org/attachments/dingo2.htm|publisher=Save Our Snowy|access-date=9 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208182733/http://www.sosnews.org/attachments/dingo2.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> dingoes are assumed to have a positive impact on biodiversity in areas where feral foxes are present.<ref>Letnic M, Baker L, Nesbitt B, 2013. "Ecologically functional landscapes and the role of dingoes as trophic regulators in south-eastern Australia and other habitats". Ecological Management and Restoration, Vol 14(2) 1–5.</ref>

Dingoes are regarded as [[apex predator]]s and possibly perform an ecological key function. Likely (with increasing evidence from scientific research), they control the diversity of the ecosystem by limiting the number of prey and keeping the competition in check. Wild dogs hunt feral livestock such as goats and pigs, as well as native prey and [[Invasive species|introduced animals]]. The low number of [[Feral goats in Australia|feral goats]] in Northern Australia is possibly caused by the presence of the dingoes, but whether they control the goats' numbers is still disputable. Studies from 1995 in the northern wet forests of Australia found the dingoes there did not reduce the number of [[feral pigs]], but their predation only affects the pig population together with the presence of water buffaloes (which hinder the pigs' access to food).<ref>{{cite journal|ref=none|last1=Corbett|first1=L|title=Does Dingo Predation or Buffalo Competition Regulate Feral Pig Populations in the Australian Wet-Dry Tropics? An Experimental Study|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=22|pages=65–74|year=1995|doi=10.1071/WR9950065}}</ref>

Observations concerning the mutual impact of dingoes and red fox and cat populations suggest dingoes limit the access of foxes and cats to certain resources. As a result, a disappearance of the dingoes may cause an increase of red fox and [[feral cat]] numbers, and therefore, a higher pressure on native animals. These studies found the presence of dingoes is one of the factors that keep fox numbers in an area low, and therefore reduces pressure on native animals, which then do not disappear from the area. The countrywide numbers of red foxes are especially high where dingo numbers are low, but other factors might be responsible for this, depending on the area.<ref name="regulator">{{cite journal|title=Evaluating the role of the dingo as a trophic regulator in Australian ecosystems|doi=10.1111/j.1442-8903.2008.00402.x|year=2008|last1=Claridge|first1=Andrew W.|last2=Hunt|first2=Rob|journal=Ecological Management & Restoration|volume=9|issue=2|page=116}}</ref> Evidence was found for a competition between wild dogs and red foxes in the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] of New South Wales, since many overlaps occurred in the spectrum of preferred prey, but only evidence for local competition, not on a grand scale, was found.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mitchell|first1=Bruce D.|last2=Banks|first2=Peter B.|title=Do wild dogs exclude foxes? Evidence for competition from dietary and spatial overlaps|journal=Austral Ecology|volume=30|pages=581–91|year=2005|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01473.x|issue=5|bibcode=2005AusEc..30..581M }}</ref>

Also, dingoes can live with red foxes and feral cats without reducing their numbers in areas with sufficient food resources (for example, high rabbit numbers) and hiding places. Nearly nothing is known about the relationship of wild dogs and feral cats, except both mostly live in the same areas. Although wild dogs also eat cats, whether this affects the cat populations is not known.<ref name="regulator"/>

Additionally, the disappearance of dingoes might increase the prevalence of kangaroo, rabbit, and [[Australian brushturkey]] numbers. In the areas outside the Dingo Fence, the number of [[emu]]s is lower than in the areas inside.  However, the numbers changed depending on the habitat. Since the environment is the same on both sides of the fence, the dingo was assumed to be a strong factor for the regulation of these species.{{clarify|date=May 2014}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pople|first1=A. R.|last2=Grigg|first2=G. C.|last3=Cairns|first3=S. C.|last4=Beard|first4=L. A.|last5=Alexander|first5=P.|title=Trends in the numbers of red kangaroos and emus on either side of the South Australian dingo fence: evidence for predator regulation?|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=27|pages=269–76|year=2000|doi=10.1071/WR99030|issue=3|url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9890/trends_in_RK_Emu.pdf|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306105008/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9890/trends_in_RK_Emu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, some people demand that dingo numbers should be allowed to increase or dingoes should be reintroduced in areas with low dingo populations to lower the pressure on endangered populations of native species and to reintroduce them in certain areas. In addition, the presence of the Australian brushturkey in Queensland increased significantly after dingo baiting was conducted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Brian|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|access-date=5 April 2013|newspaper=The Courier-Mail|date=5 April 2013}}</ref>

The dingo's habitat covers most of Australia, but they are absent in the southeast and [[Tasmania]], and an area in the southwest (see map).<ref name="smithC2" /> As Australia's largest extant terrestrial predators,<ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Dingo dinners: what's on the menu for Australia's top predator? |url=https://theconversation.com/dingo-dinners-whats-on-the-menu-for-australias-top-predator-103846 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019101539/http://theconversation.com/dingo-dinners-whats-on-the-menu-for-australias-top-predator-103846 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Conversation}}</ref> dingoes prey on mammals up to the size of the large [[red kangaroo]], in addition to the [[grey kangaroo]], [[wombat]], [[wallaby]], [[quoll]], [[Phalangeriformes|possum]]<ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_lupus_dingo/ | title=Canis lupus dingo (Dingo) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] | access-date=20 January 2023 | archive-date=1 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201181111/https://www.animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_lupus_dingo/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and most other [[marsupials]]; they frequently pursue birds, lizards, fish, crabs, crayfish, eels, snakes, frogs, young crocodiles, larger insects, snails, carrion, human refuse,<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> and sometimes fallen fruits or seeds.

Dingoes can also be of potential benefit to their environment, as they will hunt Australia's many introduced and invasive species. This includes human-introduced animals such as deer and their offspring ([[sambar deer|sambar]], [[axis deer|chital]], and [[red deer]]) and [[water buffalo]], in addition to the highly invasive rabbits, [[Red foxes in Australia|red foxes]], feral and domestic cats, some feral dogs, sheep, and calves.<ref name="animaldiversity.org"/> Rarely, a pack of dingoes will pursue the larger and more dangerous [[Australian feral camel|dromedary camel]], [[Feral donkeys in Australia|feral donkey]], or [[Brumby|feral horse]]; unattended young animals, or sick, weak, or elderly individuals are at greatest risk.<ref name="smithC2" /><ref name="corbett1995C7" />

=== Cultural ===

Cultural opinions about the dingo are often based on its perceived "cunning", and the idea that it is an intermediate between civilisation and wildness.<ref name="heimisch">{{cite journal|last1=Trigger|first1=D|last2=Mulcock|first2=J|last3=Gaynor|first3=A|last4=Toussaint|first4=Y|title=Ecological restoration, cultural preferences and the negotiation of 'nativeness' in Australia|journal=Geoforum|volume=39|pages=1273–83|year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.05.010|issue=3}}</ref>

Some of the early European settlers looked on dingoes as domestic dogs, while others thought they were more like wolves. Over the years, dingoes began to attack sheep, and their relationship to the Europeans changed very quickly; they were regarded as devious and cowardly, since they did not fight bravely in the eyes of the Europeans, and vanished into the bush.<ref name="cunning">{{cite web|author=Parker, Merryl|title=The Cunning Dingo|url=http://www.animalsandsociety.org/assets/library/642_thecunningdingo.pdf|publisher=Animals & Society Institute|year=2007|access-date=9 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727122147/http://www.animalsandsociety.org/assets/library/642_thecunningdingo.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> Additionally, they were seen as [[promiscuity|promiscuous]] or as [[devil]]s with a [[venom]]ous bite or saliva, so they could be killed unreservedly. Over the years, dingo trappers gained some prestige for their work, especially when they managed to kill hard-to-catch dingoes. Dingoes were associated with thieves, [[Vagrancy (people)|vagabonds]], [[bushranger]]s, and [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] opponents. From the 1960s, politicians began calling their opponents "dingo", meaning they were cowardly and treacherous, and it has become a popular form of attack since then.<ref name="broadcast">{{cite web|author1=Williams, Robyn |author2=Corbett, Laurie |author3=Jenkins, David |title=The Dingo in Australia|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s314366.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020212122242/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s314366.htm|archive-date=2002-02-12|publisher=The Science Show|date=23 June 2001|access-date=8 May 2009|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Today, the word "dingo" still stands for "coward" and "cheat", with verb and adjective forms used, as well.<ref name="heimisch"/>

The image of the dingo has ranged among some groups from the instructive<ref name="bringing">{{cite thesis|author=Merryl Ann Parker|title=Bringing the dingo home: Discursive representations of the dingo by aboriginal, colonial and contemporary Australians|type=PhD thesis|publisher=University of Tasmania|url=https://eprints.utas.edu.au/1196/|via=UTAS ePrints|date=April 2006|doi=10.25959/23211383.v1|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324180653/https://eprints.utas.edu.au/1196/|url-status=live}}</ref> to the demonic.<ref name="beastwithin">{{cite thesis |author=Howard, Peter |title=The beast within: An exploration on Australian constructions of wildlife |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Griffith University |url=https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/366876 |doi=10.25904/1912/2006 |hdl=10072/366876 |via=Australian Digital Theses Program |date=22 November 2006 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324180645/https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/366876 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ceremonies (like a keen at the [[Cape York Peninsula]] in the form of howling)<ref name="Ian"/> and [[dreamtime]] stories are connected to the dingo, which were passed down through the generations.

The dingo plays a prominent role in the Dreamtime stories of indigenous Australians,<ref name=roseC3/> but it is rarely depicted in their [[cave paintings]] when compared with the extinct thylacine.<ref name=gunn2010/><ref name=smithC3/> One of the tribal elders of the people of the [[Yarralin, Northern Territory]] region tells that the Dreamtime dingo is the ancestor of both dingoes and humans. The dingoes "are what we would be if we were not what we are."<ref name=roseC3/>

Similar to how Europeans acquired dingoes, the Aboriginal people of Australia acquired dogs from the immigrants very quickly. This process was so fast that [[Francis Barrallier]] (surveyor on early expeditions around the colony at Port Jackson) discovered in 1802 that five dogs of European origin were there before him.<ref name="broadcast"/> One theory holds that other domestic dogs adopt the role of the "pure" dingo.<ref name="bringing"/> Introduced animals, such as the water buffalo and the domestic cat, have been adopted into the indigenous Aboriginal culture in the forms of [[ritual]]s, traditional paintings, and dreamtime stories.<ref name="heimisch"/>

Most of the published myths originate from the [[Western Desert cultural bloc|Western Desert]] and show a remarkable complexity. In some stories, dingoes are the central characters, while in others, they are only minor ones. One time, an ancestor from the Dreamtime created humans and dingoes or gave them their current shape. Stories mention creation, socially acceptable behaviour, and explanations why some things are the way they are. Myths exist about [[Shapeshifting|shapeshifters]] (human to dingo or vice versa), "dingo-people", and the creation of certain landscapes or elements of those landscapes, like waterholes or mountains.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Economic ===
Livestock farming expanded across Australia from the early 1800s, which led to conflict between the dingo and graziers. Sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle, are an easy target for dingoes. The [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]] and the government bodies that support this industry have shot, trapped, and poisoned dingoes or destroyed dingo pups in their dens. After two centuries of persecution, the dingo or dingo–dog hybrids can still be found across most of the continent.<ref name=smithC5/>

Research on the real extent of the damage and the reason for this problem only started recently. Livestock can die from many causes, and when the carcass is found, determining with certainty the cause of death is often difficult. Since the outcome of an attack on livestock depends to a high degree on the behaviour and experience of the predator and the prey, only direct observation is certain to determine whether an attack was by dingoes or other domestic dogs. Even the existence of remnants of the prey in the scat of wild dogs does not prove they are pests, since wild dogs also eat carrion.

[[File:Wild dog distribution 2.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Distribution of wild dogs and livestock<ref name=flemingC1/>]]

The cattle industry can tolerate low to moderate, and sometimes high, numbers of wild dogs (therefore dingoes are not so easily regarded as pests in these areas). In the case of sheep and goats, a zero-tolerance attitude is common. The biggest threats are dogs that live inside or near the [[paddock]] areas. The extent of sheep loss is hard to determine due to the wide [[pasture]] lands in some parts of Australia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

In 2006, cattle losses in the Northern Territory rangeland grazing areas were estimated to be up to 30%.<ref name="Nord"/>

Therefore, factors such as availability of native prey, as well as the defending behaviour and health of the cattle, play an important role in the number of losses. A study in Central Australia in 2003 confirmed that dingoes only have a low impact on cattle numbers when a sufficient supply of other prey (such as kangaroos and rabbits) is available. In some parts of Australia, the loss of calves is assumed to be minimised if horned cattle are used instead of [[Polled livestock|polled]].<ref name="impact"/> The precise economic impact is not known, and the rescue of some calves is unlikely to compensate for the necessary costs of control measures. Calves usually suffer less lethal wounds than sheep due to their size and the protection by adult cattle, so they have a higher chance of surviving an attack. As a result, the evidence of a dog attack may only be discovered after the cattle have been herded back into the enclosure,{{clarify|date=May 2014}} and signs such as bitten ears, tails, and other wounds are discovered.

The opinions of cattle owners regarding dingoes are more variable than those of sheep owners. Some cattle owners believe that the weakened mother losing her calf is better in times of drought so that she does not have to care for her calf, too. Therefore, these owners are more hesitant to kill dingoes.<ref name="Ian"/> The cattle industry may benefit from the predation of dingoes on rabbits, kangaroos, and rats. Furthermore, the mortality rate of calves has many possible causes, and discriminating between them is difficult. The only reliable method to assess the damage would be to document all pregnant cows, then observe their development and those of their calves.<ref name="Nord"/> The loss of calves in observed areas where dingoes were controlled was higher than in other areas. Loss of livestock is, therefore, not necessarily caused by the occurrence of dingoes and is independent from wild dogs.<ref name="ReviewCanid">{{cite journal|author1=Allen, L.R.|author2=Fleming, P.J.S.|title=Review of Canid Management in Australia for the Protection of Livestock and Wildlife – Potential Application to Coyote Management|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmsheepgoat/2/|journal=Sheep & Goat Research Journal|volume=19|year=2004|page=97|access-date=31 May 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194119/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmsheepgoat/2/|url-status=live}}</ref> One researcher has stated that for cattle stations where dingoes were controlled, kangaroos were abundant, and this affects the availability of grass.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/northern-territory/dingo-expert-says-its-better-for-the-environment-to-let-them-live-even-if-they-eat-one-or-two-cows-here-and-there/story-fnn3gfdo-1227377786816|title=Dingo expert says it's better for the environment to let them live|access-date=9 August 2015|date=June 2015|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602181710/http://www.news.com.au/national/northern-territory/dingo-expert-says-its-better-for-the-environment-to-let-them-live-even-if-they-eat-one-or-two-cows-here-and-there/story-fnn3gfdo-1227377786816|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Domestic dogs are the only terrestrial predators in Australia that are big enough to kill fully grown sheep, and only a few sheep manage to recover from the severe injuries. In the case of lambs, death can have many causes apart from attacks by predators, which are blamed for the deaths because they eat from the carcasses. Although attacks by red foxes are possible, such attacks are more rare than previously thought.<ref name="ReviewCanid"/> The fact that the sheep and goat industry is much more susceptible to damage caused by wild dogs than the cattle industry is mostly due to two factors – the flight behaviour of the sheep and their tendency to flock together in the face of danger, and the hunting methods of wild dogs, along with their efficient way of handling goats and sheep.

Therefore, the damage to the livestock industry does not correlate to the numbers of wild dogs in an area (except that no damage occurs where no wild dogs occur).<ref name="ReviewCanid"/>

According to a report from the government of Queensland, wild dogs cost the state about $30 million annually due to livestock losses, the spread of diseases, and control measures. Losses for the livestock industry alone were estimated to be as high as $18 million.<ref name="Nord"/> In [[Barcaldine, Queensland]], up to one-fifth of all sheep are killed by dingoes annually, a situation which has been described as an "epidemic".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dingo 'epidemic' on farm |first=Aden |last=Miles |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/sheep/8769476/Dingo-epidemic-on-farms |newspaper=Stuff |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110223021/http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/sheep/8769476/Dingo-epidemic-on-farms |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a survey among cattle owners in 1995, performed by the Park and Wildlife Service, owners estimated their annual losses due to wild dogs (depending on the district) to be from 1.6% to 7.1%.<ref name="nt">{{cite web|title=Animals – Dingo Wild Dog (canis lupus familiaris, canis lupus dingo and hybrids)|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/native/dingo.html?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309125809/http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/animals/native/dingo.html|archive-date=9 March 2009|publisher=Northern Territory Government|access-date=9 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, a study in northern South Australia indicates that fetal/calf loss averages 18.6%, with no significant reduction due to dingo baiting. The calf losses did not correlate with increased dingo activity, and the cattle diseases pestivirus and leptospirosis were a major cause. Dingoes then scavenged on the carcasses. There was also evidence of dingo predation on calves.<ref name=campbell2018/>

Among the indigenous Australians, dingoes were also used as hunting aids, living [[hot water bottle]]s, and camp dogs. Their scalps were used as a kind of [[currency]], their teeth were traditionally used for decorative purposes, and their fur for traditional costumes.

Sometimes "pure" dingoes are important for [[tourism]], when they are used to attract visitors. However, this seems to be common only on Fraser Island, where the dingoes are extensively used as a symbol to enhance the attraction of the island. Tourists are drawn to the experience of personally interacting with dingoes. Pictures of dingoes appear on brochures, many websites, and postcards advertising the island.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Lawrance, Kate|author2=Higginbottom, Karen|title=Behavioural Responses of Dingoes to Tourist on Fraser Island|url=http://www.crctourism.com.au/WMS/Upload/Resources/bookshop/WT27_Lawrance-DingoFraserIs.pdf|publisher=Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre|year=2002|access-date=3 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916042757/http://www.crctourism.com.au/WMS/Upload/Resources/bookshop/WT27_Lawrance-DingoFraserIs.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>