Editing Globalization (section)

===Global justice and inequality===
====Global justice====
{{Main|Global justice movement}}
[[File:GINI index World Bank up to 2018.png|alt=|left|thumb|Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national [[Gini coefficient]], as of 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map|access-date=23 July 2020|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>]]

The global justice movement is the loose collection of individuals and groups—often referred to as a "[[movement of movements]]"—who advocate [[fair trade]] rules and perceive current institutions of global economic integration as problems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible?|publisher=Verso|year=2004|isbn=1-85984-504-5|editor-last=Mertes|editor-first=Tom|location=London|oclc=53243132|editor-last2=Bello|editor-first2=Walden F.|editor-last3=Bové|editor-first3=José|editor-link3=José Bové|editor-last4=Cassen|editor-first4=Bernard|editor-last5=Graeber|editor-first5=David|editor-last6=Hardt|editor-first6=Michael|editor-last7=Klein|editor-first7=Naomi|editor-last8=Marcos|editor-first8=Subcomandante|editor-last9=Muchhala|editor-first9=Bumika|display-editors=4}}</ref> The movement is often labeled an anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media. Those involved, however, frequently deny that they are [[anti-globalization]], insisting that they support the globalization of communication and people and oppose only the global expansion of corporate power.<ref>della Porta, D. 2005. "The Social Bases of the Global Justice Movement: Some Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Evidence from the First European Social Forum." Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper No. 21.Geneva: UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development).</ref> The movement is based in the idea of [[social justice]], desiring the creation of a society or institution based on the principles of [[social equality|equality]] and [[solidarity]], the values of human rights, and the dignity of every human being.<ref name="autogenerated2006">Education and Social Justice By J. Zajda, S. Majhanovich, V. Rust, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4020-4721-5}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2005">Nursing ethics: across the curriculum and into practice By Janie B. Butts, Karen Rich, Jones and Bartlett Publishers 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7637-4735-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf|title=Legal Birth Definition Act – Act 135 of 2004|access-date=1 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011611/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/mcl/pdf/mcl-act-135-of-2004.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> [[Structural inequality|Social inequality]] within and between nations, including a growing [[global digital divide]], is a focal point of the movement. Many nongovernmental organizations have now arisen to fight these inequalities that many in Latin America, Africa and Asia face. A few very popular and well known [[non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) include: [[War Child (charity)|War Child]], [[Red Cross]], [[Free The Children]] and [[CARE International]]. They often create partnerships where they work towards improving the lives of those who live in developing countries by building schools, fixing infrastructure, cleaning water supplies, purchasing equipment and supplies for hospitals, and other aid efforts.

[[File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png|thumb|260px|Countries by [[List of countries by total wealth|total wealth]] (trillions USD), [[Credit Suisse]]]]

====Social inequality====
{{Main|Social inequality|International inequality}}
[[File:Global-share-of-wealth-by-wealth-group-768x409.png|thumb|260px|Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2017]]

The economies of the world have [[Development theory|developed]] unevenly, historically, such that entire geographical regions were left mired in poverty and disease while others began to reduce poverty and disease on a wholesale basis. From around 1980 through at least 2011, the GDP gap, while still wide, appeared to be closing and, in some more rapidly [[developing countries]], [[life expectancies]] began to rise.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24835822 | title=How much do you know about the world? | publisher=BBC | date=2013 | access-date=9 July 2014 | author=Rosling, Hans | work=BBC News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222626/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24835822 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> If we look at the Gini coefficient for world income, since the late 1980s, the gap between some regions has markedly narrowed—between Asia and the advanced economies of the West, for example—but huge gaps remain globally. Overall equality across humanity, considered as individuals, has improved very little. Within the decade between 2003 and 2013, income inequality grew even in traditionally egalitarian countries like Germany, Sweden and Denmark. With a few exceptions—France, Japan, Spain—the top 10 percent of earners in most advanced economies raced ahead, while the bottom 10 percent fell further behind.<ref name="Stiglitz">{{cite news | url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/inequality-is-a-choice/?_php=true&_type=blogs | title=Inequality is a Choice | date=13 October 2013 | access-date=9 July 2014 | author=Stiglits Joseph E. | location=New York Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125162537/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/inequality-is-a-choice/?_php=true&_type=blogs | archive-date=25 November 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> By 2013, 85 multibillionaires had amassed wealth equivalent to all the wealth owned by the poorest half (3.5 billion) of the world's total population of 7 billion.<ref name="WEF2014">{{cite web | url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalAgendaOutlook_2014.pdf | title=Outlook on the Global Agenda 2014 | publisher=World Economic Forum | access-date=9 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210134450/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GAC_GlobalAgendaOutlook_2014.pdf | archive-date=10 February 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Critics of globalization argue that globalization results in weak [[labor unions]]: the surplus in cheap labor coupled with an ever-growing number of companies in transition weakened labor unions in high-cost areas. Unions become less effective and workers their enthusiasm for unions when membership begins to decline.<ref name="Hurst E. Charles P.41"/> They also cite an increase in the exploitation of [[child labor]]: countries with weak protections for children are vulnerable to infestation by rogue companies and criminal gangs who exploit them. Examples include [[quarry]]ing, salvage, and farm work as well as trafficking, bondage, forced labor, prostitution and pornography.<ref name="Edmonds_Pavcni">{{cite journal | last1 = Pavcnik | first1 = Nina |date=September 2005 | title = Child Labor in the Global Economy | journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 199–220 | doi = 10.1257/0895330053147895 | last2 = Pavcnik | first2 = Nina | citeseerx = 10.1.1.488.791 }}</ref>

[[File:May Day Immigration March LA60.jpg|thumb|upright|Immigrant rights march for amnesty, [[Los Angeles]], on [[International Workers' Day|May Day]], 2006]]
Women often participate in the workforce in [[precarious work]], including [[export-oriented employment]]. Evidence suggests that while globalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long-term goal{{Whose|date=April 2024}} of transforming [[gender inequalities]] remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital and a reorientation and expansion of the state's role in funding public goods and providing a social safety net.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seguino|first1=Stephanie|last2=Grown|first2=Caren|date=November 2006|title=Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries|journal=Journal of International Development|volume=18|issue=8|pages=1081–104|doi=10.1002/jid.1295|author-link1=Stephanie Seguino|citeseerx=10.1.1.589.4614}} [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Seguino_GrownGenderEquityandGlobalizationJID.pdf Pdf version – via the World Bank.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605144218/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/Seguino_GrownGenderEquityandGlobalizationJID.pdf |date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> Furthermore, the intersectionality of gender, race, class, can be overlooked by scholars and commentators when assessing the impact of globalization.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gender, development, and globalization: economics as if all people mattered|last=Lourdes|first=Benería|others=Berik, Günseli, Floro, Maria|isbn=978-0-415-53748-3|edition= Second|location=New York|oclc=903247621|date=2014}}</ref>

In 2016, a study published by the IMF posited that [[neoliberalism]], the ideological backbone of contemporary globalized capitalism, has been "oversold", with the benefits of neoliberal policies being "fairly difficult to establish when looking at a broad group of countries" and the costs, most significantly higher income inequality within nations, "hurt the level and sustainability of growth."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Foroohar |first=Rana |date=3 June 2016 |title=Globalization's True Believers Are Having Second Thoughts |url=https://time.com/4356816/neoliberalism-imf-globalization/ |magazine=TIME |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617175511/http://time.com/4356816/neoliberalism-imf-globalization/ |archive-date=17 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>