Editing Information Age (section)

===Data===
{{further|History of telecommunication|Computer memory|Computer data storage|Data compression|Internet access|Social media}}

The first developments for storing data were initially based on photographs, starting with [[microphotograph]]y in 1851 and then [[microform]] in the 1920s, with the ability to store documents on film, making them much more compact. Early [[information theory]] and [[Hamming code]]s were developed about 1950, but awaited technical innovations in data transmission and storage to be put to full use.

[[Magnetic-core memory]] was developed from the research of Frederick W. Viehe in 1947 and [[An Wang]] at [[Harvard University]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/whirlwind-computer-debuts-core-memory/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003062330/https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/whirlwind-computer-debuts-core-memory/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1956: First commercial hard disk drive shipped |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/first-commercial-hard-disk-drive-shipped/ |website=Computer History Museum |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731102835/https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/first-commercial-hard-disk-drive-shipped/ |url-status=live }}</ref> With the advent of the MOS transistor, MOS [[semiconductor memory]] was developed by John Schmidt at [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] in 1964.<ref name="computerhistory1980">{{cite web |title=1970: MOS Dynamic RAM Competes with Magnetic Core Memory on Price |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/mos-dynamic-ram-competes-with-magnetic-core-memory-on-price/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142915/https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/mos-dynamic-ram-competes-with-magnetic-core-memory-on-price/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kG4rAQAAIAAJ&q=John+Schmidt|title=Solid State Design – Vol. 6|date=1965|publisher=Horizon House|access-date=2020-11-12|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609163018/https://books.google.com/books?id=kG4rAQAAIAAJ&q=John+Schmidt|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1967, [[Dawon Kahng]] and [[Simon Sze]] at Bell Labs described in 1967 how the floating gate of an MOS semiconductor device could be used for the cell of a reprogrammable ROM.<ref name="computerhistory_1971">{{cite web |title=1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/reusable-semiconductor-rom-introduced/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003063442/https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/reusable-semiconductor-rom-introduced/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the invention of flash memory by [[Fujio Masuoka]] at [[Toshiba]] in 1980,<ref>{{cite web |last=Fulford |first=Benjamin |title=Unsung hero |work=Forbes |date=24 June 2002 |access-date=18 March 2008 |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303205125/http://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html |archive-date=3 March 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|4531203|Fujio Masuoka}}</ref> Toshiba commercialized [[NAND flash]] memory in 1987.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash |url=https://www.eweek.com/storage/1987-toshiba-launches-nand-flash |website=[[eWeek]] |date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="computerhistory_1971"/>

Copper wire cables transmitting digital data connected [[computer terminal]]s and [[peripheral]]s to mainframes, and special message-sharing systems leading to email, were first developed in the 1960s. Independent computer-to-computer networking began with [[ARPANET]] in 1969. This expanded to become the Internet (coined in 1974). Access to the Internet improved with the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. The capacity expansion from [[Wavelength-division multiplexing|dense wave division multiplexing]], [[optical amplification]] and [[optical networking]] in the mid-1990s led to record data transfer rates. By 2018, optical networks routinely delivered 30.4 terabits/s over a fiber optic pair, the data equivalent of 1.2&nbsp;million simultaneous 4K HD video streams.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saarinen|first=Juha|date=January 24, 2018|title=Telstra trial claims world's fasts transmission speed|work=ITNews Australia|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/telstra-trials-400gbps-per-wavelength-technology-481679|access-date=December 5, 2021|archive-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017234245/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/telstra-trials-400gbps-per-wavelength-technology-481679|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[MOSFET scaling]], the rapid miniaturization of MOSFETs at a rate predicted by [[Moore's law]],<ref name="Sahay">{{cite book |last1=Sahay |first1=Shubham |last2=Kumar |first2=Mamidala Jagadesh |title=Junctionless Field-Effect Transistors: Design, Modeling, and Simulation |date=2019 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781119523536 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0feEDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-date=2019-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221210009/https://books.google.com/books?id=0feEDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> led to computers becoming smaller and more powerful, to the point where they could be carried. During the 1980s{{ndash}}1990s, laptops were developed as a form of portable computer, and [[personal digital assistant]]s (PDAs) could be used while standing or walking. [[Pager]]s, widely used by the 1980s, were largely replaced by mobile phones beginning in the late 1990s, providing [[mobile network]]ing features to some computers. Now commonplace, this technology is extended to [[digital camera]]s and other wearable devices. Starting in the late 1990s, [[Tablet computer|tablets]] and then [[smartphone]]s combined and extended these abilities of computing, mobility, and information sharing. [[Metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[image sensor]]s, which first began appearing in the late 1960s, led to the transition from analog to [[digital imaging]], and from analog to digital cameras, during the 1980s–1990s. The most common image sensors are the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) sensor and the [[CMOS]] (complementary MOS) [[active-pixel sensor]] (CMOS sensor).

[[Electronic paper]], which has origins in the 1970s, allows digital information to appear as paper documents.