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Japanese grammar
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====Verb conjugations==== {{Main|Japanese verb conjugation}} Conjugations of some verbs and adjectives differ from the prescribed formation rules because of euphonic changes. Nearly all of these euphonic changes are themselves regular. For verbs the exceptions are all in the ending of the continuative form of group when the following auxiliary starts with a {{transliteration|ja|t}}-sound (i.e. {{nihongo||-γ|-ta}}, {{nihongo||-γ¦|-te}}, {{nihongo||-γγ|-tari}}, etc.). {{clear}} {| class="wikitable" ! Continuative ending !! Changes to !! Example |- | {{nihongo||γ|i}}, {{nihongo||γ‘|chi}} or {{nihongo||γ|ri}} | {{lang|ja|γ£}} ([[Gemination#Japanese|double consonant]], [[sokuon]], [[sokuonbin]]) | {{nihongo||οΌθ²·γγ¦|*kaite}} β {{nihongo||θ²·γ£γ¦|katte}}{{pb}}{{nihongo||οΌζγ‘γ¦|*uchite}} β {{nihongo||ζγ£γ¦|utte}}{{pb}}{{nihongo||οΌη₯γγ¦|*shirite}} β {{nihongo||η₯γ£γ¦|shitte}} |- | {{nihongo||γ³|bi}}, {{nihongo||γΏ|mi}} or {{nihongo||γ«|ni}} | {{nihongo|syllabic {{transliteration|ja|n}}|γ}} ([[Japanese phonology#Moraic consonants|hatsuon]], [[hatsuonbin]]), with the following {{nihongo||γΏ|t}} sound [[consonant voicing|voiced]] | {{nihongo||οΌιγ³γ¦|*asobite}} β {{nihongo||ιγγ§|asonde}}{{pb}}{{nihongo||οΌδ½γΏγ¦|*sumite}} β {{nihongo||δ½γγ§|sunde}}{{pb}}{{nihongo||οΌζ»γ«γ¦|*shinite}} β {{nihongo||ζ»γγ§|shinde}} |- | {{nihongo||γ|ki}} | {{nihongo||γ|i}} ([[i-onbin]]) | {{nihongo||οΌζΈγγ¦|*kakite}} β {{nihongo||ζΈγγ¦|kaite}} |- | {{nihongo||γ|gi}} | {{nihongo||γ|i}}, with the following {{nihongo||γΏ|t}} sound voiced | {{nihongo||οΌζ³³γγ¦|*oyogite}} β {{nihongo||ζ³³γγ§|oyoide}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> denotes impossible/ungrammatical form. There is one other irregular change: {{nihongo3|to go|θ‘γ|iku}}, for which there is an exceptional continuative form: {{nihongo||θ‘γ|iki}} + {{nihongo||γ¦|te}} β {{nihongo||θ‘γ£γ¦|itte}}, {{nihongo||θ‘γ|iki}} + {{nihongo||γ|ta}} β {{nihongo||θ‘γ£γ|itta}}, etc. There are dialectical differences, which are also regular and generally occur in similar situations. For example, in [[Kansai dialect]] the {{transliteration|ja|-i}} + {{transliteration|ja|t-}} conjugations are instead changed to {{transliteration|ja|-ut-}} ([[u-onbin]]), as in {{Nihongo3||ζγγ|omΕta}} instead of {{Nihongo3||ζγ£γ|omotta}}, as perfective of {{Nihongo3|think|ζγ|omou}}. In this example, this can combine with the preceding vowel via historical sound changes, as in {{Nihongo3||γγγγ|shimΕta}} ({{transliteration|ja|au}} β {{transliteration|ja|Ε}}) instead of standard {{Nihongo3||γγΎγ£γ|shimatta}}.
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