Editing Magical realism (section)

==Major works and authors==
{{Category see also|Magic realism novels}}
Although critics and writers debate which authors or works fall within the magical realism genre, the following authors represent the narrative mode. Within the Latin American world, the most iconic of magical realist writers are [[Jorge Luis Borges]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Parkinson Zamora|first1=Lois|last2=B. Faris|first2=Wendy|title=Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community|date=1995|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham & London}}</ref> [[Isabel Allende]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jaggi|first1=Maya|title=A View From The Bridge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/feb/05/isabelallende.fiction|website=The Guardian|date=5 February 2000|access-date=15 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184804/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/feb/05/isabelallende.fiction|archive-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> and Nobel Laureate [[Gabriel García Márquez]], whose novel ''[[One Hundred Years of Solitude]]'' was an instant worldwide success.

[[File:Garcia Marquez Plaque.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Plaque of Gabriel García Márquez, Paris]]

García Márquez confessed: "My most important problem was destroying the line of demarcation that separates what seems real from what seems fantastic."<ref>Interview in ''[[Primera Plana]]'' 5(234):52–55. Quoted in {{cite web|title=Diario Digital del Choapa|url=http://www.illapel.net/nzr_soledad.doc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306065737/http://www.illapel.net/nzr_soledad.doc|archive-date=2009-03-06|access-date=2009-01-25 |language=es |quote=Mi problema más importante era destruir la línea de demarcación que separa lo que parece real de lo que parece fantástico. Porque en el mundo que trataba de evocar esa barrera no existía. Pero necesitaba un tono convincente, que por su propio prestigio volviera verosímiles las cosas que menos lo parecían, y que lo hicieran sin perturbar la unidad del relato.}}

This agrees well (minor textual variants) with other quotations found in {{cite web|title=Gabriel García Márquez cumple hoy 80 años y lo festejará todo el mundo|url=http://www.territoriodigital.com/nota.aspx?c=1048856235940364|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205013657/http://www.territoriodigital.com/nota.aspx?c=1048856235940364|archive-date=2009-02-05|access-date=2009-01-25|website=Territorio |quote=El problema más importante era destruir la línea de demarcación que separa lo que parece real de lo que parece fantástico porque en el mundo que trataba de evocar, esa barrera no existía. Pero necesitaba un tono inocente, que por su prestigio volviera verosímiles las cosas que menos lo parecían, y que lo hiciera sin perturbar la unidad del relato. También el lenguaje era una dificultad de fondo, pues la verdad no parece verdad simplemente porque lo sea, sino por la forma en que se diga.}}

Other quotations on the Internet can be found in
*{{cite web|title=Los 80 años de un mago de las letras |language=es |work=Gerontología |publisher=Universidad Maimónides |url=http://weblog.maimonides.edu/gerontologia2007/2007/03/los_80_anos_de_un_mago_de_las.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202141454/http://weblog.maimonides.edu/gerontologia2007/2007/03/los_80_anos_de_un_mago_de_las.html|archive-date=2009-02-02|access-date=2009-01-25}}
*{{cite web|title=Jardín Kiryesco: El coronel no tiene quien le escriba |language=es |date=10 January 2009|url=http://jardinkiryesco.blogspot.com/2009/01/el-coronel-no-tiene-quien-le-escriba.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708043628/http://jardinkiryesco.blogspot.com/2009/01/el-coronel-no-tiene-quien-le-escriba.html|archive-date=2011-07-08|access-date=2009-01-25}}{{self-published inline|{{subst:DATE}}|date=January 2024}}
All of these quotations reinforce the rough English translation of the first sentence given in the main text of this article. For those who wish to seek the original interview, the front cover and table of contents are reproduced at {{cite web|title=Revista Primera Plana la Gran novela de América, Gabriel García Márquez|language=es|url=http://www.magicasruinas.com.ar/tapas/piehist634.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202130949/http://www.magicasruinas.com.ar/tapas/piehist634.htm|archive-date=2009-02-02|access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref> Allende was the first Latin American woman writer recognized outside the continent. Her best-known novel, ''[[The House of the Spirits]]'', is arguably similar to García Márquez's style of magical realist writing.<ref name="Bowers, Maggie A. 2004"/>{{rp|43}} Another notable novelist is [[Laura Esquivel]], whose ''[[Like Water for Chocolate (novel)|Like Water for Chocolate]]'' tells the story of the domestic life of women living on the margins of their families and society. The novel's protagonist, Tita, is kept from happiness and marriage by her mother. "Her unrequited love and ostracism from the family lead her to harness her extraordinary powers of imbuing her emotions to the food she makes. In turn, people who eat her food enact her emotions for her. For example, after eating a wedding cake Tita made while suffering from a forbidden love, the guests all suffer from a wave of longing. The Mexican author [[Juan Rulfo]] pioneered the exposition through a non-linear structure with his short novel ''[[Pedro Páramo]]'' that tells the story of Comala both as a lively town in times of the eponymous Pedro Páramo and as a ghost town through the eyes of his son Juan Preciado who returns to Comala to fulfil a promise to his dead mother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mambrol |first=Nasrullah |date=2023-08-03 |title=Analysis of Juan Rulfo's Pedro Páramo |url=https://literariness.org/2023/08/03/analysis-of-juan-rulfos-pedro-paramo/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Literary Theory and Criticism |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the Portuguese-speaking world, [[Jorge Amado]] and Nobel prize-winning novelist [[José Saramago]] are some of the most famous authors of magic realism. Less well-known figures may include [[Murilo Rubião]], playwright [[Dias Gomes]] ({{lang|es|[[Saramandaia (1976 TV series)|Saramandaia]]}}), and [[José J. Veiga]]. {{lang|es|[[Incidente em Antares]]}}, a novel by [[Érico Veríssimo|Erico Verrissimo]], is also included, even though the author is not. Amado remains the best known of modern Brazilian writers, with his work having been translated into some 49 languages. He is the most adapted Brazilian author in cinema, theater, and television, notably [[Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands]] in 1976 and the American remake [[Kiss Me Goodbye (film)|''Kiss Me Goodbye'']] in 1982. Angolan author [[Ondjaki]]'s novel ''[[Transparent City]]'' is an example of magical realism in African literature. ''Transparent City'' won the [[José Saramago Prize]] in 2013.

In the English-speaking world, major authors include: British-Indian writer [[Salman Rushdie]], whose ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' mixes history and fantasy; African American novelists [[Toni Morrison]] (although she has contested this descriptor of her work<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morrison on Magical Realism|url=https://content.sakai.rutgers.edu/access/content/group/9cc8b809-0caa-4e0f-90c2-95c266b62feb/public/morrison.pdf}}</ref>) and [[Gloria Naylor]]; American Latino writers such as [[Ana Castillo]], [[Rudolfo Anaya]], [[Daniel Olivas]], [[Rudy Ruiz]], and [[Helena Maria Viramontes]]; Guatemalan author [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]];<!--Originally included among the "Latino" writers but all the others are American--> Native American authors [[Louise Erdrich]] and [[Sherman Alexie]]; English author [[Louis de Bernières]]; and English feminist writer [[Angela Carter]]. Perhaps the best known is Rushdie, whose "language form of magical realism straddles both the surrealist tradition of magic realism as it developed in Europe and the mythic tradition of magical realism as it developed in Latin America".<ref name="Bowers, Maggie A. 2004"/> Morrison's most notable work, ''[[Beloved (novel)|Beloved]]'', tells the story of a mother who, haunted by the ghost of her child, learns to cope with memories of her traumatic childhood as an abused slave and the burden of nurturing children into a harsh and brutal society.<ref name="Bowers, Maggie A. 2004"/> The Welsh author [[Glyn Jones (Welsh writer)|Glyn Jones]]'s novel ''The Island of Apples'' (1965) is often overlooked, perhaps because it appeared before the term 'magic realism' was commonly known in English, perhaps because too much was made of the supposed influence of Jones's friend [[Dylan Thomas]] on his work, but this phantasmagorical blend of reality and myth with a twelve-year-old narrator set in a dreamlike version of the early 20th century clearly{{opinion|date=January 2024}} merits inclusion in the genre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Glyn |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhj5s |title=The Island of Apples |date=1965 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-0-7083-2429-5 |edition=2 |chapter=Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Glyn Jones and The Island of Apples (pp. vii-xxii)|jstor=j.ctt9qhj5s }}</ref> [[Jonathan Safran Foer]] uses magical realism in exploring the history of the [[stetl]] and [[Holocaust]] in ''[[Everything Is Illuminated]]''. The South African-Italian author [[Patricia Schonstein]] uses magic realism in examining the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], the [[Rhodesian Bush War|Rhodesian War]] and [[apartheid]] in ''[[A Time of Angels]]'' and ''A Quilt of Dreams''.

[[Dino Buzzati]]'s novels and short stories are often cited as examples of magic realism in Italian literature.

In Norway, the writers [[Erik Fosnes Hansen]], [[Jan Kjærstad]] and the young novelist Rune Salvesen have marked themselves as premier writers of magical realism, something that has been seen as very un-Norwegian.{{By whom|date=August 2023}}

[[Dimitris Lyacos]]'s Poena Damni trilogy, originally written in Greek, is also seen as displaying characteristics of magic realism in its simultaneous fusion of real and unreal situations in the same narrative context.

In [[Kannada literature]], [[Shivaram Karanth]]'s [[Jnanpith award]] winning novel {{lang|kn-Latn|[[Mookajjiya Kanasugalu (novel)|Mookajjiya Kanasugalu]]}} and [[Devanur Mahadeva]]'s [[Sahitya Akademi award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi award]] winning novel {{lang|kn-Latn|Kusuma Baale}} are two prominent works that dabbled in magical realism. Both the works are widely read and have been adapted into a movie and a limited TV series, respectively. {{lang|kn-Latn|Mookajjiya Kanasugalu}} is a novel that traces the evolution of 'gods' in a grounded setting via Mookajji's (the main character) preternatural ability to touch and see everything an inanimate object has witnessed in its entire existence. The novel {{lang|kn-Latn|Kusuma Baale}} blends magical realism and surrealism while telling the story of lives of people from the oppressed castes in rural parts of Karnataka.