Editing Microfluidics (section)

=== Advancements in Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) Systems ===
One significant advancement in the field is the development of integrated [[capillary electrophoresis]] (CE) systems on [[microchips]], as demonstrated by [[Z. Hugh Fan]] and D. Jed. Harrison. They created a planar glass chip incorporating a sample injector and separation channels using [[Micromachinery|micromachining]] techniques. This setup allowed for the rapid separation of [[Amino acid|amino acids]] in just a few seconds, achieving high separation efficiencies with up to 6800 [[Theoretical plate|theoretical plates]]. The use of high [[electric fields]], possible due to the [[thermal mass]] and [[Conductivity (electrolytic)|conductivity]] of glass, minimized Joule heating effects, making the system highly efficient and fast. Such innovations highlight the potential of microfluidic devices in analytical chemistry, particularly in applications requiring quick and precise analyses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Zhonghui H. |last2=Harrison |first2=D. Jed. |date=1994-01-01 |title=Micromachining of capillary electrophoresis injectors and separators on glass chips and evaluation of flow at capillary intersections |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac00073a029 |journal=Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1021/ac00073a029 |issn=0003-2700}}</ref>