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Middle Dutch
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====Strong verbs==== The seven classes of strong verb common to the Germanic languages were retained. The four principal parts were the present tense, first- and third-person singular past tense, remaining past tense, and the past participle. {| class="wikitable" ! Class ! Present ! Past<br/>1/3 sg ! Past<br/>rest ! Ptcp. ! Example verbs |- ! 1 | î | ê | ē | ē | {{wikt-lang|dum|bliven}} |- ! 2 | {{notatypo|ie}}, û | ô | ō | ō | {{wikt-lang|dum|bieden}}, {{wikt-lang|dum|bugen}} |- ! 3 | e, i | a | o | o | {{wikt-lang|dum|helpen}}, {{wikt-lang|dum|binden}} |- ! 4 | ē | a | â | ō | {{wikt-lang|dum|stelen}} |- ! 5 | ē, i | a | â | ē | {{wikt-lang|dum|lesen}}, {{wikt-lang|dum|liggen}} |- ! 6 | ā | oe | oe | â | {{wikt-lang|dum|dragen}} |- ! 7 | (any) | {{notatypo|ie}} | {{notatypo|ie}} | (any) | {{wikt-lang|dum|slapen}} |} In classes 6 and 7, there was no distinction between the two different vowels of the past tense. In classes 4 and 5, the difference was primarily one of length, since ''ā'' and ''â'' were not distinguished in most dialects. The difference between ''ê'' and ''ē'', and between ''ô'' and ''ō'', found in classes 1 and 2, was a bit more robust, but also eventually waned in the development to modern Dutch. Consequently, the distinction was mostly lost. Class 3, which retained a clear distinction that did not rely on vowel length, was levelled in favour of the ''o'' of the plural. In classes with a lengthened vowel in the present, the singular imperative often appears with a short vowel instead, e.g. ''les'', ''drach''. An alternative form, with final ''-e'' by analogy with the weak verbs, also occurs. The eastern dialects occasionally show ''i'' in the second- and third-person singular present indicative forms, instead of ''e''. This is a remnant of older i-mutation in these forms. Umlaut is also sometimes found in the past subjunctive in the east. {| | {| class="wikitable" ! Infinitive | colspan="2" | bliven |- ! Gerund | colspan="2" | blivene |- ! colspan="3" | Indicative mood |- ! ! Present ! Past |- ! 1st sing. | blive | blêef |- ! 2nd sing. | blijfs, blives | blēefs, blēves |- ! 3rd sing. | blijft, blivet | blêef |- ! 1st plur. | bliven | blēven |- ! 2nd plur. | blijft, blivet | blēeft, blēvet |- ! 3rd plur. | bliven | blēven |- ! colspan="3" | Subjunctive mood |- ! ! Present ! Past |- ! 1st sing. | blive | blēve |- ! 2nd sing. | blijfs, blives | blēefs, blēves |- ! 3rd sing. | blive | blēve |- ! 1st plur. | bliven | blēven |- ! 2nd plur. | blijft, blivet | blēeft, blēvet |- ! 3rd plur. | bliven | blēven |- ! colspan="3" | Imperative mood |- ! Sing. | colspan="2" | blijf, blive |- ! Plur. | colspan="2" | blijft, blivet |- ! colspan="3" | Participle |- ! | blivende | geblēven |} | {| class="wikitable" ! Infinitive | colspan="2" | binden |- ! Gerund | colspan="2" | bindene |- ! colspan="3" | Indicative mood |- ! ! Present ! Past |- ! 1st sing. | binde | bant |- ! 2nd sing. | bints, bindes | bonts, bondes |- ! 3rd sing. | bint, bindet | bant |- ! 1st plur. | binden | bonden |- ! 2nd plur. | bint, bindet | bont, bondet |- ! 3rd plur. | binden | bonden |- ! colspan="3" | Subjunctive mood |- ! ! Present ! Past |- ! 1st sing. | binde | bonde |- ! 2nd sing. | bints, bindes | bonts, bondes |- ! 3rd sing. | binde | bonde |- ! 1st plur. | binden | bonden |- ! 2nd plur. | bint, bindet | bont, bondet |- ! 3rd plur. | binden | bonden |- ! colspan="3" | Imperative mood |- ! Sing. | colspan="2" | bint, binde |- ! Plur. | colspan="2" | bint, bindet |- ! colspan="3" | Participle |- ! | bindende | gebonden |} | {| class="wikitable" ! Infinitive | colspan="2" | drāgen |- ! Gerund | colspan="2" | drāgene |- ! colspan="3" | Indicative mood |- ! ! Present ! Past |- ! 1st sing. | drāge | droech |- ! 2nd sing. | drāechs, drāges | droechs, droeges |- ! 3rd sing. | drāecht, drāget | droech |- ! 1st plur. | drāgen | droegen |- ! 2nd plur. | drāecht, drāget | droecht, droeget |- ! 3rd plur. | drāgen | droegen |- ! colspan="3" | Subjunctive mood |- ! ! Present ! Past |- ! 1st sing. | drāge | droege |- ! 2nd sing. | drāechs, drāges | droechs, droeges |- ! 3rd sing. | drāge | droege |- ! 1st plur. | drāgen | droegen |- ! 2nd plur. | drāecht, drāget | droecht, droeget |- ! 3rd plur. | drāgen | droegen |- ! colspan="3" | Imperative mood |- ! Sing. | colspan="2" | drach, drāge |- ! Plur. | colspan="2" | drāecht, drāget |- ! colspan="3" | Participle |- ! | drāgende | gedrāgen |} |}
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