Editing Moses in Islam (section)

===Revealed scripture===
[[File:Köln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG|thumb|''A [[Sefer Torah|handwritten copy]] of the Torah.'']]
In Islam, Moses is revered as the receiver of a scripture known as the Torah (''[[Tawrat]]''). The Quran describes the Torah as “guidance and a light" for the Israelites and that it contains teachings about the Oneness of God (''[[Tawhid]]''), prophethood and the Day of Judgment.<ref>{{qref|5|44|b=y}}</ref> It is regarded as containing teachings and laws for the Israelites which are taught and practiced by Moses and Aaron to them. Among the books of the complete Hebrew Bible ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], [[Deuteronomy]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]], [[Leviticus]] and [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]]), only the Torah is considered to be divinely revealed instead of the whole Tanakh or the Old Testament.<ref>{{cite book |title=Voices of Islam |author=Vincent J. Cornell |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_eGWvPTtikC&pg=PA36 |year=2006 |isbn=9780275987329 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506090322/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_eGWvPTtikC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Quran mentions that the Ten Commandments are given to the Israelites through Moses, and the Commandments contain guidance and understanding of all things. The Torah was the ''furqan'', meaning "difference", a term which is regarded as having used for itself as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=God, Muhammad and the Unbelievers |author=David Marshall |page=136 |year=1999 |url=https://books.google/books?id=f259ZobITrwC&pg=PA136 |publisher=Routledge}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Moses preaches the same message as Muhammad, and the Torah foretells the arrival of Muhammad. Modern Muslim scholars such as Mark N. Swanson and David Richard Thomas cite [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=deuteronomy%2018:15-18&version=CEV Deuteronomy 18:15–18] as foretelling the arrival of Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encounter of Eastern Christianity With Early Islam |author1=Emmanouela Grypeou |author2=Mark N. Swanson |author3=David Richard Thomas |page=300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTjRzNwZEWAC&pg=PA300 |year=2006 |isbn=9789004149380 |publisher=Baker Books |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513050915/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTjRzNwZEWAC&pg=PA300 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some Muslims believe that the Torah has been corrupted (''[[tahrif]]'').<ref name="t">{{cite book |title=Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm |author=[[Camilla Adang]] |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4Ut1MjLQTMC&pg=PA223 |isbn=9789004100343 |year=1996 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528185911/https://books.google.com/books?id=c4Ut1MjLQTMC&pg=PA223 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The exact nature of the corruption has been discussed among scholars. The majority of Muslim scholars, including [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari|Ibn Rabban]] and [[Ibn Qutayba]], have stated that the Torah had been distorted in its interpretation rather than in its text. The scholar [[Tabari]] considered the corruption to be caused by distortion of the meaning and interpretation of the Torah.<ref name="Tabari">{{cite book |title=Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm |author=Camilla Adang |year=1996 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4Ut1MjLQTMC&pg=PA229 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=9004100342 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623222629/https://books.google.com/books?id=c4Ut1MjLQTMC&pg=PA229 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tabari considered the learned rabbis of producing writings alongside the Torah, which were based on their own interpretations of the text.<ref name="Tabari" /> The rabbis then reportedly "twisted their tongues" and made them appear as though they were from the Torah. In doing so, [[Al-Tabari]] concluded that they added to the Torah what was not originally part of it, and these writings were used to denounce Muhammad and his followers.<ref name="Tabari" /> Tabari also states that these writings of the rabbis were mistaken by some Jews to be part of the Torah.<ref name="Tabari"/> A minority view held among scholars such as [[Ibn Qudamah|Al-Maqdisi]] is that the text of the Torah itself was corrupted. Maqdisi claimed that the Torah had been distorted in the time of Moses, by the seventy elders when they came down from Mount Sinai.<ref name="Maqdisi">{{cite book |title=Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey |year=1999 |author=Jacques Waardenburg |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDPuc4SL_cC&pg=PA150 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195355765 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729045134/https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDPuc4SL_cC&pg=PA150 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maqdisi states that the Torah was further corrupted in the time of [[Ezra]], when his disciples made additions and subtractions in the text narrated by Ezra. Maqdisi also stated that discrepancies between the Jewish Torah, the [[Samaritan Torah]] and the Greek [[Septuagint]] point to the fact that the Torah was corrupted.<ref name="Maqdisi" /> [[Ibn Hazm]] viewed the Torah of his era as a forgery and considered various verses as contradicting other parts of the Torah and the Quran.<ref name="Hazm">{{cite book |title=Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions:A Historical Survey |year=1999 |author=Jacques Waardenburg |pages=153–154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDPuc4SL_cC&pg=PA153 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195355765 |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603155649/https://books.google.com/books?id=eLDPuc4SL_cC&pg=PA153 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ibn Hazm considered Ezra as the forger of the Torah, who dictates the Torah from his memory and made significant changes to the text.<ref name="Hazm"/> Ibn Hazm accepted some verses which, he stated, foretold the arrival of Muhammad.