Editing Myopia (section)

==Epidemiology==
Global refractive errors have been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion.<ref>Dunaway D, Berger I. [http://www.infocusonline.org/WORLDWIDE%20DISTRIBUTION%20OF%20VISUAL%20REFRACTIVE%20ERROR1.doc "Worldwide Distribution of Visual Refractive Errors and What to Expect at a Particular Location"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129083808/http://www.infocusonline.org/WORLDWIDE%20DISTRIBUTION%20OF%20VISUAL%20REFRACTIVE%20ERROR1.doc |date=29 January 2007 }}. infocusonline.org.</ref> The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], [[ethnicity]], occupation, environment, and other factors.<ref name="Verma">{{EMedicine|article|1221908|Phakic Intraocular Lens (IOL) for Myopia Correction}}</ref><ref name="Fredrick">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fredrick DR | title = Myopia | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7347 | pages = 1195–9 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12016188 | pmc = 1123161 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195 }}</ref> Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult.<ref>National Research Council Commission (1989). [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309040817 ''Myopia: Prevalence and Progression''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040640/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309040817|date=6 January 2014}}, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, {{ISBN|0-309-04081-7}}</ref>

The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70–90% in some [[Asia]]n countries, 30–40% in Europe and the United States, and 10–20% in Africa.<ref name="Fredrick" /> Myopia is about twice as common in [[Jewish people]] than in people of non-Jewish ethnicity.<ref name="Jensen">[[Arthur Jensen|Jensen, A.R.]] (1998) ''[[The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability|The g Factor]]''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, {{ISBN|0275961036}}</ref> Myopia is less common in [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] people and associated diaspora.<ref name="Verma" /> In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect [[African Americans]] less than Caucasians.<ref name="Sperduto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sperduto RD, Seigel D, Roberts J, Rowland M | title = Prevalence of myopia in the United States | journal = Archives of Ophthalmology | volume = 101 | issue = 3 | pages = 405–7 | date = March 1983 | pmid = 6830491 | doi = 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040010405011 }}</ref>

A 2024 study published in the ''[[British Journal of Ophthalmology]]'' revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Jinghong |last2=Pu |first2=Yingqi |last3=Chen |first3=Jiaqi |last4=Liu |first4=Meiling |last5=Ouyang |first5=Bowen |last6=Jin |first6=Zhengge |last7=Ge |first7=Wenxin |last8=Wu |first8=Zhuowen |last9=Yang |first9=Xiuzhi |last10=Qin |first10=Chunsong |last11=Wang |first11=Cong |last12=Huang |first12=Shan |last13=Jiang |first13=Nan |last14=Hu |first14=Lixin |last15=Zhang |first15=Yushan |date=2024-08-14 |title=Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis |url=https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2024/08/14/bjo-2024-325427 |journal=British Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=362–371 |language=en |doi=10.1136/bjo-2024-325427 |issn=0007-1161 |pmid=39317432|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Jack |date=2024-09-25 |title=1 in 3 children worldwide is now nearsighted, study shows |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/health/global-myopia-research-scli-intl-wellness/index.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

A 2025 South Korean analysis of 45 studies, involving 335,524 participants and largely based on data from children, adolescents and young adults, that looked at the use of digital screen devices such as mobile phones, game consoles and television, revealed that an additional hour of daily screen time is, on average, associated with 21% higher odds of having myopia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=20 February 2025 |title=Every hour children spend on screens raises chance of myopia, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/feb/21/every-hour-children-spend-on-screens-raises-chance-of-myopia-study-finds |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

===Asia===
[[File:Estimated myopia rate in 20-year-olds in Asia.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Estimated myopia rate in 20-year-olds in Asia<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA | title = The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention | journal = Progress in Retinal and Eye Research | volume = 62 | pages = 134–149 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28951126 | doi = 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004 | hdl = 1885/139488 | s2cid = 9323449 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>]]
In some parts of [[Asia]], myopia is very common.
* [[Singapore]] is believed to have the highest prevalence of myopia in the world; up to 80% of people there have myopia, but the accurate figure is unknown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disabled-world.com/disability/types/vision/near-sighted-gene.php |title=Discovery of Gene May Provide Treatment for Near-sightedness |publisher=Disabled-world.com |date=12 September 2010 |access-date=2 August 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[China]]'s myopia rate is 31%: 400 million of its 1.3 billion people are myopic. The prevalence of myopia in [[High school (upper secondary)|high school]] in China is 77%, and in [[college]] is more than 80%.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-01/03/content_12745349.htm 全国近视眼人数近4亿 近视已影响国人健康] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027081348/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-01/03/content_12745349.htm |date=27 October 2012 }}. Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 21 April 2013.</ref>
* In some areas, such as China and [[Malaysia]], up to 41% of the adult population is myopic to 1.00 dpt,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandran S | title = Comparative study of refractive errors in West Malaysia | journal = The British Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 56 | issue = 6 | pages = 492–5 | date = June 1972 | pmid = 5069190 | pmc = 1208824 | doi = 10.1136/bjo.56.6.492 }}</ref> and up to 80% to 0.5 dpt.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu HM, Seet B, Yap EP, Saw SM, Lim TH, Chia KS | title = Does education explain ethnic differences in myopia prevalence? A population-based study of young adult males in Singapore | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 234–9 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11349931 | doi = 10.1097/00006324-200104000-00012 | s2cid = 46445087 }}</ref>
* A study of Jordanian adults aged 17 to 40 found more than half (54%) were myopic.<ref name="pmid15953114">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mallen EA, Gammoh Y, Al-Bdour M, Sayegh FN | title = Refractive error and ocular biometry in Jordanian adults | journal = Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 302–9 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15953114 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00306.x | s2cid = 24694696 }}</ref>
* A study indicated that the prevalence of myopia among urban children in [[India]] of aged 5 to 15 increased from 4.44% in 1999 to 21.15% in 2019. Projections suggest that by 2050, this figure could reach 48.14%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Priscilla |first1=Jacinth J. |last2=Verkicharla |first2=Pavan K. |date=May 2021 |title=Time trends on the prevalence of myopia in India – A prediction model for 2050 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860952/ |journal=Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=466–474 |doi=10.1111/opo.12806 |issn=1475-1313 |pmid=33860952}}</ref> 
* Some research suggests the prevalence of myopia in Indian children is less than 15%.<ref name="pmid2853533">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, Pandey RM, Bhardawaj A, Gupta V, Menon V | title = Incidence and progression of myopia and associated factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 12 | pages = e0189774 | date = 2017 | pmid = 29253002 | pmc = 5734754 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0189774 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1289774S }}</ref> 
* In [[South Korea]] among the general population, national data indicates that 70.6% of the adult population has myopia, with 8.0% affected by high myopia. The prevalence decreases with age, from 81.3% in individuals aged 19 to 24 years to 55.2% in those aged 45 to 49 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in adult Korean population: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2013–2014 (KNHANES VI) |date=2019 |pmc=6345425 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e0211204 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0211204 |doi-access=free |pmid=30677087 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1411204H | vauthors = Han SB, Jang J, Yang HK, Hwang J, Park SK }}</ref>
* Up to 90% of young people in Taiwan have myopia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=28 February 2025 |title=Shortsighted Taiwan may have lessons for the world as a preventable disease skyrockets |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/01/shortsighted-taiwan-may-have-lessons-for-the-world-as-a-preventable-disease-skyrockets |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Myopia rate in Europe by birth decade.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Myopia rate in Europe by birth decade (1910 to 1970)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams KM, Bertelsen G, Cumberland P, Wolfram C, Verhoeven VJ, Anastasopoulos E, Buitendijk GH, Cougnard-Grégoire A, Creuzot-Garcher C, Erke MG, Hogg R, Höhn R, Hysi P, Khawaja AP, Korobelnik JF, Ried J, Vingerling JR, Bron A, Dartigues JF, Fletcher A, Hofman A, Kuijpers RW, Luben RN, Oxele K, Topouzis F, von Hanno T, Mirshahi A, Foster PJ, van Duijn CM, Pfeiffer N, Delcourt C, Klaver CC, Rahi J, Hammond CJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education | journal = Ophthalmology | volume = 122 | issue = 7 | pages = 1489–97 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25983215 | pmc = 4504030 | doi = 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.018 }}</ref>]]
* In first-year undergraduate students in the United Kingdom 50% of [[United Kingdom|British]] whites and 53% of British Asians were myopic.<ref name="pmid15829853">{{cite journal | vauthors = Logan NS, Davies LN, Mallen EA, Gilmartin B | title = Ametropia and ocular biometry in a U.K. university student population | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 261–6 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15829853 | doi = 10.1097/01.OPX.0000159358.71125.95 | s2cid = 25384178 }}</ref>
* A recent review found 27% of Western Europeans aged 40 or older have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least −5.00 diopters.<ref name="pmid15078666" />

===North America===
Myopia is common in the [[United States]], with research suggesting this condition has increased dramatically in recent decades. In 1971–1972, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provided the earliest nationally representative estimates for myopia prevalence in the U.S., and found the prevalence in persons aged 12–54 was 25%. Using the same method, in 1999–2004, myopia prevalence was estimated to have climbed to 42%.<ref name="Vitale">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vitale S, Sperduto RD, Ferris FL | title = Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971–1972 and 1999–2004 | journal = Archives of Ophthalmology | volume = 127 | issue = 12 | pages = 1632–9 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 20008719 | doi = 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.303 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A study of 2,523 children in grades 1 to 8 (age, 5–17 years) found nearly one in 10 (9%) have at least −0.75 diopters of myopia.<ref name="pmid12912692">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kleinstein RN, Jones LA, Hullett S, Kwon S, Lee RJ, Friedman NE, Manny RE, Mutti DO, Yu JA, Zadnik K | display-authors = 6 | title = Refractive error and ethnicity in children | journal = Archives of Ophthalmology | volume = 121 | issue = 8 | pages = 1141–7 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12912692 | doi = 10.1001/archopht.121.8.1141 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In this study, 13% had at least +1.25 D [[hyperopia]] (farsightedness), and 28% had at least 1.00-D difference between the two principal meridians (cycloplegic autorefraction) of [[astigmatism]]. For myopia, Asians had the highest prevalence (19%), followed by Hispanics (13%). Caucasian children had the lowest prevalence of myopia (4%), which was not significantly different from African Americans (7%).<ref name="pmid12912692" />

A recent review found 25% of Americans aged 40 or older have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 5% have at least −5.00 diopters.<ref name="pmid15078666" />

===Australia===
In [[Australia]], the overall prevalence of myopia (worse than −0.50 diopters) has been estimated to be 17%.<ref name="pmid10326965">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wensor M, McCarty CA, Taylor HR | title = Prevalence and risk factors of myopia in Victoria, Australia | journal = Archives of Ophthalmology | volume = 117 | issue = 5 | pages = 658–63 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10326965 | doi = 10.1001/archopht.117.5.658 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In one recent study, less than one in 10 (8%) Australian children between the ages of four and 12 were found to have myopia greater than −0.50 diopters.<ref name="pmid15705207">{{cite journal | vauthors = Junghans BM, Crewther SG | title = Little evidence for an epidemic of myopia in Australian primary school children over the last 30 years | journal = BMC Ophthalmology | volume = 5 | pages = 1 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15705207 | pmc = 552307 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2415-5-1 | df = dmy-all | doi-access = free }}</ref> A recent review found 16% of Australians aged 40 or older have at least −1.00 diopters of myopia and 3% have at least −5.00 diopters.<ref name="pmid15078666">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kempen JH, Mitchell P, Lee KE, Tielsch JM, Broman AT, Taylor HR, Ikram MK, Congdon NG, O'Colmain BJ | display-authors = 6 | title = The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia | journal = Archives of Ophthalmology | volume = 122 | issue = 4 | pages = 495–505 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15078666 | doi = 10.1001/archopht.122.4.495 | author10 = Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===South America===
In [[Brazil]], a 2005 study estimated 6% of Brazilians between the ages of 12 and 59 had −1.00 diopter of myopia or more, compared with 3% of the indigenous people in northwestern Brazil.<ref name="pmid15829854">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thorn F, Cruz AA, Machado AJ, Carvalho RA | title = Refractive status of indigenous people in the northwestern Amazon region of Brazil | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 267–72 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15829854 | doi = 10.1097/01.OPX.0000159371.25986.67 | s2cid = 38979284 }}</ref> Another found nearly 1 in 8 (13%) of the students in the city of [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] were myopic.<ref name="pmid16059562">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia CA, Oréfice F, Nobre GF, Souza D, Rocha ML, Vianna RN | title = [Prevalence of refractive errors in students in Northeastern Brazil] | journal = Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 321–5 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16059562 | doi = 10.1590/S0004-27492005000300009 | doi-access = free }}</ref>