Editing Napoleon (section)

===Death===
{{See also|Death mask of Napoleon|Retour des cendres|Napoleon's tomb|Death of Napoleon I|Bicentenary of the death of Napoleon I}}
[[File:Napoleone Bonaparte's Tomb.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon's tomb]] at {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=no}} in Paris]]

Napoleon's health continued to worsen, and in March 1821 he was confined to bed. In April he wrote two wills declaring that he had been assassinated by the "English [[oligarchy]]", that the Bourbons would fall, and that his son would rule France. He left his fortune to 97 legatees and asked to be buried by the Seine.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=108-13}} On 3 May he was given the [[last rites]] but could not take communion due to his illness.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|p=115}} He died on 5 May 1821 at age 51. His last words, variously recorded by those present, were either ''France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine'' ("France, the army, head of the army, Joséphine"),<ref name="McLynn6552">{{harvp|McLynn|1997|p=655}}</ref><ref>Roberts, ''Napoleon'' (2014) 799–801</ref> or ''qui recule''...''à la tête d'armée'' ("who retreats... at the head of the army"){{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=115, 282n82}} or "France, my son, the Army."{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=115, 282n82}}

Antommarchi and the British wrote separate autopsy reports, each concluding that Napoleon had died of internal bleeding caused by [[stomach cancer]], the disease that had killed his father.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=120-23}}<ref name="Lugli-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Lugli |first1=Alessandro |last2=Carneiro |first2=Fatima |display-authors=1 |date=4 March 2021 |title=The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death on St. Helena in 1821 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1 |journal=Virchows Archiv |volume=2021 |issue=479 |pages=1055–1060 |doi=10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1 |pmid=33661330 |pmc=8572813 |via=Springer |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227173042/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> A later theory, based on high concentrations of [[arsenic]] found in samples of Napoleon's hair, held that Napoleon had died of [[arsenic poisoning]]. However, subsequent studies also found high concentrations of arsenic in hair samples from Napoleon's childhood and from his son and Joséphine. Arsenic was widely used in medicines and products such as hair creams in the 19th century.<ref name="cullen1562">{{cite book |last=Cullen |first=William |title=Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac? |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85404-363-7}}, pp. 148-61</ref>{{sfnp|Hindmarsh|Savory|2008|p=2092}} A 2021 study by an international team of gastrointestinal pathologists once again concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer.<ref name="Lugli-2021" />

Napoleon was buried with military honours in the [[Valley of the Tomb|Valley of the Geraniums]].{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=126-27}}<ref name="McLynn6552" /> Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and sealed inside his coffin. [[Napoleon's penis]] was allegedly removed during the autopsy and sold and exhibited. In 1840, the [[second Melbourne ministry|British government]] gave [[Louis Philippe I]] permission to return Napoleon's remains to France. Napoleon's body was exhumed and found to be well preserved as it had been sealed in four coffins (two of metal and two of mahogany) and placed in a masonry tomb.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=141, 195-99}} On 15 December 1840, a [[state funeral]] was held in Paris with 700,000-1,000,000 attendees who lined the route of the funeral procession to the chapel of [[Les Invalides]]. The coffin was later placed in the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until [[Napoleon's tomb]], designed by [[Louis Visconti]], was completed.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|pp=216-19, 225}} In 1861, during the reign of [[Napoleon III]], his remains were entombed in a [[sarcophagus]] in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2018|p=235}}