Editing Peronism (section)

==== Class consciousness ====
Marxist and socialist critics of Peronism presented the movement as fuelled by migrant, recently arrived "new working class" that held traditionalist social views and was vulnerable to "authoritarian paternalism" of Perón. In this view, Peronism disempowered the 'old', socialist-aligned and established working class in Argentina by mobilizing "new arrivals" who flocked to Perón "without a clear consciousness of their class interests". Such view was espoused by writers such as [[:es:Samuel Baily|Samuel Baily]], who wrote that in Argentina, "the internal migrants and the organised workers viewed each other with hostility and suspicion"; according to Baily, Perón exploited this division by building his political base on 'class-unconscious' migrants who felt isolated by the established working class.<ref>{{cite book |first=Samuel |last=Baily |author-link=:es:Samuel Baily |year=1967 |title=Labor, Nationalism and Politics |page=81}}</ref> [[Post-Marxism|Post-Marxist]] [[Ernesto Laclau]] also supported this view, accusing Perón of preying on the 'irrationality' of internal migrants and describing Peronism as "left-wing fascism".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Argentina: Peronism and Revolution |first=Ernesto |last=Laclau |author-link=Ernesto Laclau |year=1973 |journal=Latin American Review of Books |volume=1 |pages=117–130}}</ref> Socialist writers Timothy F. Harding and Hobart A. Spalding likewise accused Peronism of preventing the rise of revolutionary and militant tendencies amongst the Argentinian working class by infusing it with "false consciousness".<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Struggle Sharpens: Workers, Imperialism and the State in Latin America, Common Themes and New Directions |first1=Timothy |last1=F. Harding |first2=Hobart |last2=A. Spalding |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=5 |year=1976 |journal=Latin American Perspectives|doi=10.1177/0094582X7600300101 |s2cid=143974172 }}</ref>

However, validity of this perspective has been challenged by sociologists and historians such as [[Ronaldo Munck]] or [[:es:Ricardo Falcón (historiador)|Ricardo Falcón]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: Workers, Unions and Politics, 1855-1985 |first1=Ronaldo |last1=Munck |author-link1=Ronaldo Munck |first2=Ricardo |last2=Falcón |author-link2=:es:Ricardo Falcón (historiador) |first3=Bernardo |last3=Galitelli |publisher=Zed Books |year=1987 |isbn=9780862325701 |page=121}}</ref> Analysing the demographics of Peronist support, sociologists Miguel Murmis and [[:es:Juan Carlos Portantiero|Juan Carlos Portantiero]] found that "the organisations and leaders of the ‘old’ working class participated intensely in the rise of Peronism" and argued that the participation of the Argentinian working class in the Peronist movement was not "passive, short sighted or divided".<ref>{{cite book |title=El movimiento obrero en los origenes del peronismo |language=es |first1=Miguel |last1=Murmis |first2=Juan Carlos |last2=Portantiero |author-link2=:es:Juan Carlos Portantiero |year=1971 |page=73 |publisher=Siglo Veintiuno Editores |location=Buenos Aires |isbn=978-987-629-159-0}}</ref> Historian Walter Little disputed the significance of the division between "old" and "new" working class in Argentina, writing: "Far from being divided, the working class was remarkably homogeneous and explanations of popular support for Peronism must be developed on this basis."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Popular Origins of Peronism |first=Walter |last=Little |year=1975 |page=175 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press}}</ref>

Analysing the support of the trade union movement for Peronism, Munck and Falcón wrote: "Perón achieved the support of trade union leaders from the dissident socialists of the CGT No. 1, some of the major unions of the orthodox CGT No. 2, and in particular from the autonomous or independent unions, not forgetting the remnants of the syndicalist USA which had favoured this type of alliance since the 1935 split. Support from the leadership was matched by support from the rank and file."<ref>{{cite book |title=Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: Workers, Unions and Politics, 1855-1985 |first1=Ronaldo |last1=Munck |author-link1=Ronaldo Munck |first2=Ricardo |last2=Falcón |author-link2=:es:Ricardo Falcón (historiador) |first3=Bernardo |last3=Galitelli |publisher=Zed Books |year=1987 |isbn=9780862325701 |page=122}}</ref> Regarding class consciousness, sociologist Susan B. Tiano wrote that in the Harvard Project, a survey of working-class attitudes in Argentina during the 1960s, Peronism was found to be "a major consciousness-increasing force among Argentine workers."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Authoritarianism, Class Consciousness, and Modernity: Working Class Attitudes in Argentina and Chile |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=1986 |pages=73–98 |first=Susan B. |last=Tiano|doi=10.1017/S0023879100021877 }}</ref> Likewise, Munck and Falcón conclude that "Peronism can be seen as an overall consciousness-raising factor, and the ideological cement for the cohesive and solidaristic social structures of the Argentine working class."<ref>{{cite book |title=Argentina: From Anarchism to Peronism: Workers, Unions and Politics, 1855-1985 |first1=Ronaldo |last1=Munck |author-link1=Ronaldo Munck |first2=Ricardo |last2=Falcón |author-link2=:es:Ricardo Falcón (historiador) |first3=Bernardo |last3=Galitelli |publisher=Zed Books |year=1987 |isbn=9780862325701 |page=242}}</ref>