Editing Public broadcasting (section)

==== Germany ====
{{See also|Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio}}
After [[World War II]], when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the [[Nazis]] to create a powerful means of propaganda, [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] insisted on a de-centralised, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today.
[[File:ARD_Karte.svg|thumb|Map of ARD-members]]

* [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] ([[Lower Saxony]], Hamburg, [[Schleswig-Holstein]] and [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]]), split from former [[Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk|NWDR]]
* [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|RBB]] ([[Berlin]] and [[Brandenburg]]), merged from SFB and ORB
* [[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] ([[Baden-Württemberg]] and [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]), merged from SDR and SWF
* [[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]] ([[Saxony]], Saxony-Anhalt and [[Thuringia]]), established in 1991
* [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]] ([[North Rhine-Westphalia]]), split from former NWDR
* [[Bayerischer Rundfunk|BR]] ([[Bavaria]])
* [[Hessischer Rundfunk|hr]] ([[Hesse]])
* [[Saarländischer Rundfunk|SR]] ([[Saarland]])
* [[Radio Bremen|RB]] ([[Bremen (state)|Bremen]])

In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]], a second national television service{{snd}}actually called Second German Television ({{langx|de|[[Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen]]}}, ZDF){{snd}}was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks ([[Deutschlandradio]]) emerged from the remains of [[Cold War]] propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through licence fees paid by every household and are governed by councils of representatives of the "[[Society|societally]] relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60% of the ≈10bn&nbsp;€ spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year, making it the most well funded public broadcasting system in the world.

The ''Hans-Bredow-Institut'', or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television broadcasting (including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion.<ref name="Khabyuk2011">{{Cite book |last=Khabyuk |first=Olexiy |title=Public Service Broadcasting: A German-Ukrainian Exchange of Opinions |author2=Manfred Kops |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2011 |isbn=978-3643800947}}</ref><ref name="Chen2001">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=(程宗明) |date=2001-05-25 |title=International Connections for Public Media Research and Development [公共媒體研發之國際連線–以數位化知識為例(歐洲篇)] |url=http://rnd.pts.org.tw/p2/010528.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105856/http://rnd.pts.org.tw/p2/010528.htm |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2013-09-08 |work=Public Television Service Foundation (Taiwan) 公共電視台研究發展部}}</ref><ref name="H2010">{{cite web |last=Mediennetz Hamburg [Hamburg Media Network] |date=2010-09-27 |title=Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung feierte seinen Geburtstag |url=http://www.mediennetz-hamburg.de/?MAIN=3&RECORD=460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024160126/http://www.mediennetz-hamburg.de/?MAIN=3&RECORD=460 |archive-date=2013-10-24 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are [[American Forces Network|AFN]] for US-military staff in Germany, [[BFBS]] for British military staff, Voice of Russia, RFE and Radio Liberty.

Eventually, [[Arte]] is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by [[France Télévisions]], [[ZDF]], and [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries.