Editing Remote work (section)

=== Women burdening an unfair share of domestic work ===
{{See also|Double burden}}
Remote work arrangements can have varying effects depending on workers’ home environments and domestic responsibilities. Analyses of survey data from the United Kingdom in 2010<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McMunn |first1=Anne |last2=Bird |first2=Lauren |last3=Webb |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Sacker |first4=Amanda |date=April 2020 |title=Gender Divisions of Paid and Unpaid Work in Contemporary UK Couples |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0950017019862153 |journal=Work, Employment and Society |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=155–173 |doi=10.1177/0950017019862153 |issn=0950-0170 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109133044/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10081119/1/UKHLS%20Gender%20%20Total%20Labor%20WES%20accepted%20copy.pdf |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2024 |via=Sage Journals}}</ref> and 2020–21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zamberlan |first1=Anna |last2=Gioachin |first2=Filippo |last3=Gritti |first3=Davide |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Work less, help out more? The persistence of gender inequality in housework and childcare during UK COVID-19 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562421000032 |journal=Research in Social Stratification and Mobility |volume=73 |pages=100583 |doi=10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100583 |issn=0276-5624 |access-date=January 8, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez |first1=Alejandra Rodríguez |last2=Fasang |first2=Anette |last3=Harkness |first3=Susan |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Gender division of housework during the COVID-19 pandemic: Temporary shocks or durable change? |url=https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/45/43 |journal=Demographic Research |language=en |volume=45 |pages=1297–1316 |doi=10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.43 |issn=1435-9871 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109133629/https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol45/43/45-43.pdf |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2024}}</ref> suggest that women are more likely to bear a disproportionate share of domestic work compared to men.

A 2022 study surveying 283 Austrian remote workers cohabiting with an intimate partner during mid-2020 found that women with children reported more exhausting experiences with home-based work, including longer working hours and less distinct boundaries between work and personal life. Women without children reported improved concentration and positive outcomes when working from home.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hartner-Tiefenthaler |first1=Martina |last2=Zedlacher |first2=Eva |last3=el Sehity |first3=Tarek Josef |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Remote workers' free associations with working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria: The interaction between children and gender |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=13 |pages=859020 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859020 |pmc=9391219 |pmid=35996573 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A separate study conducted in 2021–2022, surveying workers from 26 countries, found that women valued the option to work from home more highly than men in nearly all countries surveyed. Additionally, among both men and women, those with children generally placed a higher value on remote work options compared to those without children.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Aksoy |first1=Cevat |last2=Barrero |first2=Jose |last3=Bloom |first3=Nicholas |last4=Davis |first4=Steven |last5=Dolls |first5=Mathias |last6=Zarate |first6=Pablo |date=September 2022 |title=Working From Home Around the World |url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30446/w30446.pdf |journal=NBER |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108174059/https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w30446/w30446.pdf |archive-date=January 8, 2024}}</ref>

A 2021 study indicated that remote work may be associated with increased risks of intimate partner violence for women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mojahed |first1=A |last2=Brym |first2=S |last3=Hense |first3=H |date=2021 |title=Rapid review on the associations of social and geographical isolation and intimate partner violence |journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.578150 |doi-access=free |pmid=33927649 |pmc=8076499 }}</ref> Studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic found that women working from home had higher odds of experiencing intimate partner violence, particularly psychological violence, compared to those working on-site.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mial |first1=N |last2=Francis |first2=SC |last3=Stockl |first3=H |date=2023 |title=Working from home and intimate partner violence among cis-women during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=965 |doi=10.1186/s12889-023-15785-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=37237282 |pmc=10214313 }}</ref> Contributing factors included social isolation, increased access by abusers, and economic stressors such as job loss. Although these risks were heightened during the pandemic, some factors may persist beyond the immediate COVID-19 context, highlighting ongoing concerns regarding personal safety for vulnerable individuals working remotely.

The shift to remote work has also been associated with amplifying pre-existing gender disparities. Women with family responsibilities often experienced an increased domestic workload, including childcare and household management, compared to men. This additional burden has been linked to higher rates of anxiety and depression among women with families, whereas such effects were not observed among women without caregiving responsibilities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=E |last2=Zhao |first2=Z |last3=Fang |first3=Y |date=2021 |title=Experiences of work-family conflict and mental health symptoms by gender among physician parents during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=e2134315 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34315 |pmid=34767022 |pmc=8590168 }}</ref>While much of the research linking psychological distress to remote work focuses on the pandemic period,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matthews |first1=T |last2=Chen |first2=L |last3=Zhang |first3=D |date=2022 |title=Gender differences in working from home and psychological distress - A national survey of U.S. employees during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Industrial Health |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=334–344 |doi=10.2486/indhealth.2022-0077 |pmid=35569955 |pmc=9453567 |bibcode=2022IndHe..60..334M }}</ref> continued attention to the intersection of domestic roles and remote work environments remains relevant in the post-pandemic workplace.