Editing Satellite (section)

==Interference==
===Collision threat===
[[File:The growth of all tracked objects in space over time (space debris and satellites).png|thumb|upright=1.2|The growth of all tracked objects in space over time<ref name="10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6">{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Andy |last2=Rawls |first2=Meredith L. |last3=Jah |first3=Moriba |last4=Boley |first4=Aaron |last5=Di Vruno |first5=Federico |last6=Garrington |first6=Simon |last7=Kramer |first7=Michael |last8=Lawler |first8=Samantha |last9=Lowenthal |first9=James |last10=McDowell |first10=Jonathan |last11=McCaughrean |first11=Mark |date=April 2022 |title=The case for space environmentalism |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=428–435 |arxiv=2204.10025 |bibcode=2022NatAs...6..428L |doi=10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6 |issn=2397-3366 |s2cid=248300127}}</ref>]]

[[Space debris]] pose dangers to the spacecraft<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garcia |first1=Mark |date=13 April 2015 |title=Space Debris and Human Spacecraft |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=NASA |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322131144/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="physUT">{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Matt |title=What would a sustainable space environment look like? |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-03-sustainable-space-environment.html |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=phys.org |publisher=Universe Today |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322160515/https://phys.org/news/2022-03-sustainable-space-environment.html |url-status=live}}</ref> (including satellites)<ref name="physUT" /><ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Chinese official calls for protection of space assets, international coordination mechanisms |work=SpaceNews |url=https://spacenews.com/chinese-official-calls-for-protection-of-space-assets-international-coordination-mechanisms/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104448/https://spacenews.com/chinese-official-calls-for-protection-of-space-assets-international-coordination-mechanisms/ |url-status=live}}</ref> in or crossing geocentric orbits and have the potential to drive a [[Kessler syndrome]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kessler Effect and how to stop it |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/The_Kessler_Effect_and_how_to_stop_it |access-date=22 March 2022 |publisher=ESA |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322160515/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/The_Kessler_Effect_and_how_to_stop_it |url-status=live}}</ref> which could potentially curtail humanity from conducting space endeavors in the future.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wattles |first1=Jackie |title=Space is becoming too crowded, Rocket Lab CEO warns |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/07/business/rocket-lab-debris-launch-traffic-scn/index.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526100211/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/07/business/rocket-lab-debris-launch-traffic-scn/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2020 |title=What happens if two bits of space junk actually collide? |language=en |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/space-junk-collision-satellite-debris-iss-nasa-b1074079.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526100210/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/space-junk-collision-satellite-debris-iss-nasa-b1074079.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

With increase in the number of [[satellite constellation]]s, like [[SpaceX]] [[Starlink]], the astronomical community, such as the [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]], report that orbital pollution is getting increased significantly.<ref name="iau">{{cite web |title=IAU's statement on satellite constellations |url=https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=International Astronomical Union |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527073625/https://www.iau.org/news/announcements/detail/ann19035/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title=Light pollution from satellites will get worse. But how much? |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2019/06/light-pollution-from-satellites-will-get-worse-but-how-much |website=astronomy.com |access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428172415/https://astronomy.com/news/2019/06/light-pollution-from-satellites-will-get-worse-but-how-much |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hainaut |first1=Olivier R. |last2=Williams |first2=Andrew P. |date=1 April 2020 |title=Impact of satellite constellations on astronomical observations with ESO telescopes in the visible and infrared domains |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/04/aa37501-20/aa37501-20.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=636 |page=A121 |arxiv=2003.01992 |bibcode=2020A&A...636A.121H |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202037501 |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219192027/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/04/aa37501-20/aa37501-20.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mróz |first1=Przemek |last2=Otarola |first2=Angel |last3=Prince |first3=Thomas A. |last4=Dekany |first4=Richard |last5=Duev |first5=Dmitry A. |last6=Graham |first6=Matthew J. |last7=Groom |first7=Steven L. |last8=Masci |first8=Frank J. |last9=Medford |first9=Michael S. |date=1 January 2022 |title=Impact of the SpaceX Starlink Satellites on the Zwicky Transient Facility Survey Observations |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |language=en |volume=924 |issue=2 |pages=L30 |arxiv=2201.05343 |bibcode=2022ApJ...924L..30M |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac470a |issn=2041-8205 |s2cid=245986575 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Impacts of Large Satellite Constellations on Astronomy: Live Updates {{!}} American Astronomical Society |url=https://aas.org/posts/advocacy/2021/08/impacts-large-satellite-constellations-astronomy-live-updates |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=[[American Astronomical Society]] |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419152431/https://aas.org/posts/advocacy/2021/08/impacts-large-satellite-constellations-astronomy-live-updates |url-status=live}}</ref> A report from the SATCON1 workshop in 2020 concluded that the effects of large satellite constellations can severely affect some astronomical research efforts and lists six ways to mitigate harm to astronomy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zhang |first1=Emily |title=SpaceX's Dark Satellites Are Still Too Bright for Astronomers |language=en |work=Scientific American |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102065559/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Report Offers Roadmap to Mitigate Effects of Large Satellite Constellations on Astronomy {{!}} American Astronomical Society |work=aas.org |url=https://aas.org/press/report-offers-roadmap-mitigate-effects-large-satellite-constellations-astronomy |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924025446/https://aas.org/press/report-offers-roadmap-mitigate-effects-large-satellite-constellations-astronomy |url-status=live}}</ref> The IAU is establishing<!--until 1 April 2022--> a center (CPS) to coordinate or aggregate measures to mitigate such detrimental effects.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2022 |title=Astronomers stand up to satellite mega-constellations |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60262100 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310041256/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60262100 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky from Satellite Constellation Interference |url=https://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/announcements/2022/1 |access-date=10 March 2022 |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315090741/https://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/announcements/2022/1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Astronomical Union {{!}} IAU |url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/centres/CPS/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.iau.org |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313084016/https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/centres/CPS/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Radio interference===
Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to [[Radio jamming|jamming]] by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming,<ref>{{cite web |last=Singer |first=Jeremy |year=2003 |title=U.S.-Led Forces Destroy GPS Jamming Systems in Iraq |url=http://www.space.com/news/gps_iraq_030325.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526204956/http://www.space.com/news/gps_iraq_030325.html |archive-date=26 May 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |publisher=[[Space.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Brewin |first=Bob |year=2003 |title=Homemade GPS jammers raise concerns |url=http://www.computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/0,10801,77702,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422164053/http://computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/0%2C10801%2C77702%2C00.html |archive-date=22 April 2008 |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Computerworld]]}}</ref> but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Iran government jamming exile satellite TV |url=http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2852 |access-date=25 March 2008 |work=[[Iran Focus]] |archive-date=14 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114173408/http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=2852 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Selding |first=Peter de |year=2007 |title=Libya Pinpointed as Source of Months-Long Satellite Jamming in 2006 |url=http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429193429/http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html |archive-date=29 April 2008 |publisher=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>

Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring tools and methods that enable them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively. {{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}