Editing Subjunctive mood (section)

=== Indo-Aryan languages ===

==== Hindi-Urdu ====
There are two subjunctive moods in [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]), first the regular subjunctive and the second, the perfective subjunctive which superficially has the same form as the perfective aspect forms of verbs but still expresses future events, it is only ever used with [[if clause]]s and [[relative pronoun]]s. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective.<ref name=":1" />

The regular subjunctive mood can be put in two tenses; present and future.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=VAN OLPHEN|first=HERMAN|title=Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb|date=1975|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=284–301|doi=10.1163/000000075791615397|jstor=24651488|issn=0019-7246|access-date=2020-08-17|archive-date=2020-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710232215/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There is another mood, called the [[Counterfactual conditional|contrafactual mood]], which serves as both the past subjunctive and the past conditional mood in Hindustani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lesson 18 - Past Subjunctive in Hindi|url=https://taj.oasis.unc.edu/Hindi.Less.18/grammar03.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=taj.oasis.unc.edu|archive-date=2024-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829212618/https://taj.oasis.unc.edu/Hindi.Less.18/grammar03.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindi-Urdu, apart from the non-aspectual forms (or the simple aspect) has three grammatical aspects ([[Habitual aspect|habitual]], [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] & [[Progressive aspect|progressive]]) and each aspect can be put five grammatical moods ([[indicative]], [[Presumptive mood|presumptive]], subjunctive, [[Counterfactual conditional|contrafactual]] & [[Imperative mood|imperative]]). The subjunctive mood can be put in the present tense only for the verb '''''honā'' (to be)''' for any other verb only the future sujunctive form exists. Subjunctive mood forms for all the three grammatical aspects of Hindustani for the verbs '''''honā''''' (to be) and '''''karnā''''' (to do) are shown in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjunctive and Contrafactual Conjugations of {{lang|hi|honā}} (to be)
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ma͠i}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tum}}{{efn|name=tum/āp|The pronouns {{lang|hi|tum}} and {{lang|hi|āp}} in Hindi-Urdu can be used as both singular and plural pronouns, akin to the English pronoun "you".}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|yah/ye, vah/vo}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ham}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|āp}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tū}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|ye, ve/vo}}
|-
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hū̃}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|ho}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|ho}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoū̃}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoo}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoe}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|hoẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|huā}}
|{{lang|hi|huī}}
|{{lang|hi|hue}}
|{{lang|hi|huī}}
|{{lang|hi|huā}}
|{{lang|hi|huī}}
|{{lang|hi|hue}}
|{{lang|hi|huī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|hote}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|hote}}
|{{lang|hi|hotī̃}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjunctive and Contrafactual Aspectual Forms of {{lang|hi|karnā}} (to do)
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ma͠i}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tum}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|yah/ye, vah/vo}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ham}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|āp}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tū}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|ye, ve/vo}}
|-
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
|-
! colspan="11" |HABITUAL ASPECT{{efn|Habitual aspect in Hindi-Urdu requires the copula {{lang|hi|rêhnā}} (to stay) to form future tense forms, progressive and perfective mood can use {{lang|hi|rêhnā}} (to stay) as well to form synonymous future subjunctive forms.}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
|{{lang|hi|kartā hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|karte ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā hõ}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future{{efn|name=future|Perfective aspect in Hindi-Urdu requires the perfective past forms of the copula {{lang|hi|rêhnā}} (to stay) to form the perfective (future) subjunctive forms.}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|karte raho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī raho}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|karte rahẽ}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī rahī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kartā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī hotī̃}}
|-
! colspan="11" |PERFECTIVE ASPECT
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hõ}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future{{efn|name=future}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hoẽ}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hoẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kiyā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā rahā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye rahe}}
|{{lang|hi|kī rahī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kī hotī̃}}
|-
! colspan="11" |PROGRESSIVE ASPECT{{efn|Unlike English, in which both the continuous and the progressive aspect have the same -ing form, the progressive aspect of Hindi-Urdu cannot convey the continuous aspect.}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |subjunctive
! rowspan="2" |regular
!present
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī ho}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hõ}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hõ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |future
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoū̃}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoo}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoe}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hoẽ}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hoẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā huā}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hue}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hua}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hue}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī huī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahā hotā}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahe hote}}
|{{lang|hi|kar rahī hotī̃}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjunctive and Contrafactual Conjugations of {{lang|hi|karnā}} (to do)
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |mood
! rowspan="5" |tense
! colspan="6" |singular
! colspan="2" |plural
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ma͠i}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tum}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|yah/ye, vah/vo}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|1P}} {{lang|hi|ham}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|āp}}{{efn|name=tum/āp}}
|-
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|2P}} {{lang|hi|tū}}
! colspan="2" |{{gcl|3P}} {{lang|hi|ye, ve/vo}}
|-
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
! ♂ || ♀
|-
! rowspan="2" |subjunctive
!regular
! rowspan="2" |future
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|karū̃}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|karo}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|kare}}
| colspan="2" |{{lang|hi|karẽ}}
|-
!perfective
|{{lang|hi|kiyā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye}}
|{{lang|hi|kī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiyā}}
|{{lang|hi|kī}}
|{{lang|hi|kiye}}
|{{lang|hi|kī̃}}
|-
! colspan="2" |contrafactual
!past
|{{lang|hi|kartā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī}}
|{{lang|hi|kartā}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī}}
|{{lang|hi|karte}}
|{{lang|hi|kartī̃}}
|}
{{notelist}}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |
!Example Sentence
|-
! rowspan="3" |Subjunctive 
! rowspan="2" |Regular
!Present
|{{interlinear|uskī tabiyat sahī '''ho''' bas.|his/her.GEN health.NOM correct.ADJ be.SBJV.PRS only|(I only hope that) his/her health '''is''' in good condition.}}
|-
!Future
|{{interlinear|ummīd kar rahī hū̃ ki '''bole''' vo kuch use.|hope do stay.PTCP be.1P.SG. that tell.SBJV.FUT. he/she.NOM something him/her.DAT|I am hoping he/she '''tells''' something to him/her.}}
|-
!Perfective
!Future
|{{interlinear|ma͠i usse pūchū̃ aur usne nahī̃ '''batāyā''' to?|I.NOM him/her.INST ask.1P.SBJV.SG and he/she.ERG not tell.SBJV.PFV.FUT then|(In the case that) I ask him and he doesn't '''tell''' (me) then?}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Contrafactual
!Past
|{{interlinear|kāsh usne usī din ye bāt {batā '''dī''' '''hotī'''.}|{I wish} he/she.ERG that.DEM.EMPH day.NOM this.DEM matter.NOM.FEM tell.{{gcl|CONTRA|contrafactual mood}}.FEM|I wish he/she '''had told''' me about this thing on that day itself.}}
|}