Editing Time (section)

=== Biopsychology ===
The brain's judgment of time is known to be a highly distributed system, including at least the [[cerebral cortex]], [[cerebellum]], and [[basal ganglia]] as its components. One particular component, the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus|suprachiasmatic nuclei]], is responsible for the [[circadian rhythm|circadian (or daily) rhythm]], while other cell clusters appear capable of shorter-range ([[ultradian]]) timekeeping. [[Mental chronometry]] is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations. Judgments of time can be altered by [[temporal illusion]]s (like the [[kappa effect]]),<ref name="Wada">Wada Y, Masuda T, Noguchi K, 2005, "Temporal illusion called 'kappa effect' in event perception" Perception 34 ECVP Abstract Supplement.
</ref> age,<ref>{{cite web |last=Adler |first=Robert |title=Look how time flies |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614233936/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422180.900-look-how-time-flies |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011}}
</ref> [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive drugs]], and [[hypnosis]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Bowers, Kenneth |last2=Brenneman |first2=Heather A. |date=January 1979 |title=Hypnosis and the perception of time |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=29–41 |doi=10.1080/00207147908407540 |pmid=541126}}
</ref> The sense of time is impaired in some people with neurological diseases such as [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[attention deficit disorder]].

Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. [[Stimulant]]s can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wittmann |first1=M. |last2=Leland |first2=D. S. |last3=Churan |first3=J. |last4=Paulus |first4=M. P. |date=8 October 2007 |title=Impaired time perception and motor timing in stimulant-dependent subjects |journal=Drug Alcohol Depend. |volume=90 |issue=2–3 |pages=183–192 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.005 |pmc=1997301 |pmid=17434690}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Ruey-Kuang |author2=Macdonald, Christopher J. |author3=Meck, Warren H. |date=2006 |title=Differential effects of cocaine and ketamine on time estimation: Implications for neurobiological models of interval timing |journal=[[Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior]] |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=114–122 |pmid=16920182 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.019 |s2cid=42295255 |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18303059 |format=online abstract |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810071741/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18303059 |archive-date=10 August 2011  |url-access=subscription }}
</ref> while [[depressant]]s can have the opposite effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tinklenberg |first1=Jared R. |author-link=Jared Tinklenberg |last2=Roth |first2=Walton T. |last3=Kopell |first3=Bert S. |date=January 1976 |title=Marijuana and ethanol: Differential effects on time perception, heart rate, and subjective response |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=275–279 |doi=10.1007/BF00426830 |pmid=826945 |s2cid=25928542}}
</ref> The level of activity in the brain of [[neurotransmitter]]s such as [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] may be the reason for this.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arzy |first1=Shahar |last2=Molnar-Szakacs |first2=Istvan |last3=Blanke |first3=Olaf |date=18 June 2008 |title=Self in Time: Imagined Self-Location Influences Neural Activity Related to Mental Time Travel |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=28 |issue=25 |pages=6502–6507 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5712-07.2008 |pmc=6670885 |pmid=18562621}}
</ref> Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of [[neuron]]s in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).<ref name="Carter 186–187">{{cite book |title=The Human Brain Book |first1=Rita |last1=Carter |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-7566-5441-2 |pages=186–187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCV6cwU3qm0C |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513113657/https://books.google.com/books?id=eCV6cwU3qm0C |url-status=live }}</ref>

Psychologists assert that time seems to go faster with age, but the literature on this age-related perception of time remains controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gruber |first1=Ronald P. |title=Studies on the structure of time: from physics to psycho(patho)logy |last2=Wagner |first2=Lawrence F. |last3=Block |first3=Richard A. |date=2000 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46439-3 |editor1-last=Buccheri |editor1-first=R. |page=54 |chapter=Subjective Time Versus Proper (Clock) Time |access-date=9 April 2011 |editor2-last=Di Gesù |editor2-first=V. |editor3-last=Saniga |editor3-first=Metod |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMsDqsvcxckC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230232/http://books.google.com/books?id=LMsDqsvcxckC |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=LMsDqsvcxckC&pg=PA54 Extract of page 54] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024117/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMsDqsvcxckC&pg=PA54|date=13 May 2016}}</ref> Those who support this notion argue that young people, having more excitatory neurotransmitters, are able to cope with faster external events.<ref name="Carter 186–187" /> Some also argued that the perception of time is also influenced by memory and how much one have experienced; for example, as one get older, they will have spent less part of their total life waiting a month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Jillian |date=2022-12-16 |title=Time Flies By Faster As We Get Older. Here's Why. |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/time-perception-aging_l_63973dc2e4b0169d76d92560 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, children's expanding cognitive abilities allow them to understand time in a different way. Two- and three-year-olds' understanding of time is mainly limited to "now and not now". Five- and six-year-olds can grasp the ideas of past, present, and future. Seven- to ten-year-olds can use clocks and calendars.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy-Moore |first=Eileen |author-link=Eileen Kennedy-Moore |date=28 March 2014 |title=Time Management for Kids |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201403/time-management-kids |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730093159/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/growing-friendships/201403/time-management-kids |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=26 April 2014 |magazine=Psychology Today}}</ref> [[Socioemotional selectivity theory]] proposed that when people perceive their time as open-ended and nebulous, they focus more on future-oriented goals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giasson |first1=Hannah L. |last2=Liao |first2=Hsiao-Wen |last3=Carstensen |first3=Laura L. |date=2019 |title=Counting down while time flies: implications of age-related time acceleration for goal pursuit across adulthood |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |volume=26 |pages=85–89 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.001 |issn=2352-2518 |pmc=6436994 |pmid=30048830}}</ref>