Editing Ulama (section)

====Tunisia, Egypt, Iraq====
In 1961, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] put the Al-Azhar University under the direct control of the state. "Azharis were given military uniforms and found themselves marching in step under the orders of army officers."<ref name=kepel-53>{{cite book| last1=Kepel| first1=Gilles| title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002| publisher=I.B.Tauris.| page=53| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=kepel+Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam+military+uniforms+and+found+themselves&pg=PA53| access-date=10 September 2015| isbn=9781845112578}}</ref> After the independence of [[Algeria]], President [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] also deprived the Algerian ulama of their power. [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region#Ba.27athist Iraq: 1968.E2.80.932003|Baathist]] repression in Iraq led to a drop of enrollment in the Shia holy cities of Iraq from 12,000 students in the early 1900s to only 600 scholars and students in 1977.<ref name=Zouhair-85>{{cite book|last1=Zouhair|first1=Ghazzal|title=A Companion to the History of the Middle East|publisher=John Wiley & Sons.|page=85|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ioTXW3316AC&q=ulama&pg=PA81|access-date=10 September 2015|chapter=The Ulama: Status and Function|isbn=9781405152044|date=2008-04-15}}</ref>