Editing Wireless sensor network (section)

====Routing protocols====
Wireless sensor networks are composed of low-energy, small-size, and low-range unattended sensor nodes. Recently, it has been observed that by periodically turning on and off the sensing and communication capabilities of sensor nodes, we can significantly reduce the active time and thus prolong network lifetime.<ref>{{cite book|first1=A.|last1=Xenakis|first2=F.|last2=Foukalas|first3=G.|last3=Stamoulis|title=Proceedings of the 19th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics |chapter=Minimum weighted clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks |doi=10.1145/2801948.2801999|date=October 2015|pages=255–260|isbn=978-1-4503-3551-5|s2cid=9188571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=T. A. H.|last1=Hassan|first2=G.|last2=Selim|first3=R.|last3=Sadek |publisher=IEEE |title=2015 IEEE Seventh International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS) |chapter=A novel energy efficient vice Cluster Head routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks |location=Cairo|year=2015|pages=313–320|doi=10.1109/IntelCIS.2015.7397240|isbn=978-1-5090-1949-6|s2cid=10688614}}</ref> However, this duty cycling may result in high network latency, routing overhead, and neighbor discovery delays due to asynchronous sleep and wake-up scheduling. These limitations call for a countermeasure for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks which should minimize routing information, routing traffic load, and energy consumption. Researchers from Sungkyunkwan University have proposed a lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval routing referred as LNDIR. This scheme can discover minimum latency routes at each non-increasing delivery-latency interval instead of each time slot.{{clarify|date=September 2020}} Simulation experiments demonstrated the validity of this novel approach in minimizing routing information stored at each sensor. Furthermore, this novel routing can also guarantee the minimum delivery latency from each source to the sink. Performance improvements of up to 12-fold and 11-fold are observed in terms of routing traffic load reduction and energy efficiency, respectively, as compared to existing schemes.<ref name="LNDIR">{{cite journal |last1=K Shahzad |first1=Muhammad |last2=Nguyen |first2=Dang Tu |last3=Zalyubovskiy |first3=Vyacheslav |last4=Choo |first4=Hyunseung |date=2018 |title=LNDIR: A lightweight non-increasing delivery-latency interval-based routing for duty-cycled sensor networks |journal= International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=1550147718767605 |doi=10.1177/1550147718767605|doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>