Editing Binary-coded decimal (section)

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Gottschalk-Benson_1972">{{ussc |name=Gottschalk v. Benson |volume=409 |page=63 |pin=72 |date=1972}}.</ref>
<ref name="Intel_IA32">{{cite web |author=Intel |title=ia32 architecture manual |url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developers-manual.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/manuals/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developers-manual.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Intel]] |access-date=2015-07-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Schneider_1986">{{cite book |title=Lexikon der Informatik und Datenverarbeitung |language=de |author-first=Hans-Jochen |author-last=Schneider |date=1986 |edition=2 |publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag München Wien |isbn=3-486-22662-2}}</ref>
<ref name="Tafel_1971">{{cite book |title=Einführung in die digitale Datenverarbeitung |language=de |trans-title=Introduction to digital information processing |first=Hans Jörg |last=Tafel |publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]] |date=1971 |location=Munich |isbn=3-446-10569-7}}</ref>
<ref name="Steinbuch_1962">{{cite book |title=Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung |language=de |editor-first=Karl W. |editor-last=Steinbuch |editor-link=Karl W. Steinbuch |author-first=Erich R. |author-last=Berger |chapter=1.3.3. Die Codierung von Zahlen |date=1962 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag OHG]] |location=Karlsruhe, Germany |publication-place=Berlin / Göttingen / New York |lccn=62-14511 |pages=68–75}} (NB. The shown Kautz code ([[#Kautz II|II]]), containing all eight available binary states with an odd count of 1s, is a slight modification of the {{citeref|Kautz|1954|original Kautz|style=plain}} code ([[#Kautz|I]]), containing all eight states with an even count of 1s, so that inversion of the most-significant bits will create a [[9s complement]].)</ref>
<ref name="Steinbuch-Weber-Heinemann_1974">{{cite book |title=Taschenbuch der Informatik - Band II - Struktur und Programmierung von EDV-Systemen |language=de |editor-first1=Karl W. |editor-last1=Steinbuch |editor-link1=Karl W. Steinbuch |editor-first2=Wolfgang |editor-last2=Weber <!-- |editor-link2=:de:Wolfgang Weber (Ingenieur)? --> |editor-first3=Traute |editor-last3=Heinemann |date=1974 |orig-date=1967 |edition=3 |volume=2 |series=Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=3-540-06241-6 |lccn=73-80607}}</ref>
<ref name="Tietze-Schenk_2013">{{cite book |title=Advanced Electronic Circuits |author-first1=Ulrich |author-last1=Tietze |author-first2=Christoph |author-last2=Schenk |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-3642812415 |id=9783642812415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYruCAAAQBAJ |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Kowalski_1070">{{cite book |title=Nuclear Electronics |author-first=Emil |author-last=Kowalski |date=2013-03-08 |orig-date=1970 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3642876639 |id=9783642876639, 978-3-642-87664-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-87663-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr-IBwAAQBAJ |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Ferretti_2013">{{cite book |title=Wörterbuch der Elektronik, Datentechnik und Telekommunikation / Dictionary of Electronics, Computing and Telecommunications: Teil 1: Deutsch-Englisch / Part 1: German-English |author-first=Vittorio |author-last=Ferretti |edition=2 |volume=1 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |date=2013-03-13 |isbn=978-3642980886 |id=9783642980886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtHzBQAAQBAJ |access-date=2015-08-05}}</ref>
<ref name="Speiser_1965">{{cite book |author-first=Ambrosius Paul |author-last=Speiser |author-link=Ambrosius Paul Speiser |location=[[Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich|ETH Zürich]], Zürich, Switzerland |title=Digitale Rechenanlagen - Grundlagen / Schaltungstechnik / Arbeitsweise / Betriebssicherheit |language=de |trans-title=Digital computers - Basics / Circuits / Operation / Reliability |edition=2 |date=1965 |orig-date=1961 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] / [[IBM]] |lccn=65-14624 |id=0978 |page=209}}</ref>
<ref name="Dokter_1973">{{cite book |title=Digital Electronics |author-first1=Folkert |author-last1=Dokter |author-first2=Jürgen |author-last2=Steinhauer |date=1973-06-18 |series=Philips Technical Library (PTL) / Macmillan Education |publisher=[[The Macmillan Press Ltd.]] / [[N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken]] |edition=Reprint of 1st English |location=Eindhoven, Netherlands |sbn=333-13360-9 |isbn=978-1-349-01419-4 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-01417-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlRdDwAAQBAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716231044/https://books.google.com/books?id=hlRdDwAAQBAJ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=2020-05-11}} (270 pages) (NB. This is based on a translation of volume I of the two-volume German edition.)</ref>
<ref name="Dokter_1975">{{cite book |author-first1=Folkert |author-last1=Dokter |author-first2=Jürgen |author-last2=Steinhauer |title=Digitale Elektronik in der Meßtechnik und Datenverarbeitung: Theoretische Grundlagen und Schaltungstechnik |language=de |series=Philips Fachbücher |publisher=[[Deutsche Philips GmbH]] |location=Hamburg, Germany |volume=I |date=1975 |orig-date=1969 |edition=improved and extended 5th |isbn=3-87145-272-6 |page=50}} (xii+327+3 pages) (NB. The German edition of volume I was published in 1969, 1971, two editions in 1972, and 1975. Volume II was published in 1970, 1972, 1973, and 1975.)</ref>
<ref name="Kämmerer_1969">{{cite book |title=Digitale Automaten – Theorie, Struktur, Technik, Programmieren |language=de |author-first=Wilhelm |author-last=Kämmerer |author-link=:de:Wilhelm Kämmerer |editor-first1=Hans |editor-last1=Frühauf |editor-link1=:de:Hans Frühauf |editor-first2=Wilhelm |editor-last2=Kämmerer |editor-first3=Kurz |editor-last3=Schröder |editor-first4=Helmut |editor-last4=Winkler |chapter=II.15. Struktur: Informationsdarstellung im Automaten |edition=1 |date=May 1969 |publisher=[[Akademie-Verlag GmbH]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |location=Jena, Germany |volume=5 |id=License no. 202-100/416/69. Order no. 4666 ES 20 K 3. |series=Elektronisches Rechnen und Regeln |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkcgAQAAIAAJ}} (NB. A second edition 1973 exists as well.)</ref>
<ref name="Cowlishaw_GDA">{{cite web |author-first=Mike F. |author-last=Cowlishaw |author-link=Mike F. Cowlishaw |title=General Decimal Arithmetic |orig-date=1981, 2008 |date=2015 |url=http://speleotrove.com/decimal/<!-- http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/ --> |access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>
<ref name="Klar_1970">{{cite book |title=Digitale Rechenautomaten – Eine Einführung |language=de |trans-title=Digital Computers – An Introduction |chapter=1.5.3 Konvertierung binär verschlüsselter Dezimalzahlen |trans-chapter=1.5.3 Conversion of binary coded decimal numbers |author-first=Rainer |author-last=Klar |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter & Co.]] / {{ill|G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung|de|G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung}} |location=Berlin, Germany |series=Sammlung Göschen |volume=1241/1241a |date=1970-02-01 |isbn=3-11-083160-0 |id=. Archiv-Nr. 7990709. |pages=17, 21 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnqVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |access-date=2020-04-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418220658/https://books.google.de/books?id=QnqVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&focus=viewport&vq=tetrade&hl=de#v=onepage&q=tetrade&f=false |archive-date=2020-04-18}} (205 pages) (NB. A 2019 reprint of the first edition is available under {{ISBN|3-11002793-3|978-3-11002793-8}}. A reworked and expanded {{citeref|Klar|1989|4th edition|style=plain}} exists as well.)</ref>
<ref name="Klar_1989">{{cite book |title=Digitale Rechenautomaten – Eine Einführung in die Struktur von Computerhardware |language=de |trans-title=Digital Computers – An Introduction into the structure of computer hardware |chapter=1.4 Codes: Binär verschlüsselte Dezimalzahlen |trans-chapter=1.4 Codes: Binary coded decimal numbers |author-first=Rainer |author-last=Klar |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter & Co.]] |location=Berlin, Germany |series=Sammlung Göschen |volume=2050 |date=1989 |orig-date=1988-10-01 |isbn=3-11011700-2 |pages=25, 28, 38–39 |edition=4th reworked |quote-page=25<!-- footnote 5 --> |quote=[…] Die nicht erlaubten 0/1-Muster nennt man auch Pseudodezimalen. […]}} (320 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Dewar-Smosna_1990">{{cite book |title=Microprocessors - A Programmer's View |author-first1=Robert Berriedale Keith |author-last1=Dewar |author-link1=Robert Berriedale Keith Dewar |author-first2=Matthew |author-last2=Smosna |date=1990 |edition=1 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Publishing Company]] |location=[[Courant Institute]], [[New York University]], New York, USA |isbn=0-07-016638-2 |lccn=89-77320 |page=14}} (xviii+462 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Savard_2018_Decimal">{{cite web |title=Decimal Representations |author-first=John J. G. |author-last=Savard |date=2018 |orig-date=2006 |work=quadibloc |url=http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/cp0203.htm |access-date=2018-07-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716101321/http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/cp0203.htm |archive-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>
<ref name="Yuen_1977">{{cite journal |title=A New Representation for Decimal Numbers |author-first=Chun-Kwong |author-last=Yuen |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Computers]] |date=December 1977 |volume=C-26 |issue=12 |doi=10.1109/TC.1977.1674792 |s2cid=40879271 |pages=1286–1288 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.1977.1674792 |access-date=2020-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808105531/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.1977.1674792 |archive-date=2020-08-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Kautz_1954">{{cite conference |title=Optimized Data Encoding for Digital Computers |chapter=IV. Examples A. Binary Codes for Decimals, n = 4 |author-last=Kautz |author-first=William H. |author-link=William H. Kautz |conference=Convention Record of the I.R.E., 1954 National Convention, Part 4 - Electronic Computers and Information Theory |publisher=[[I.R.E.]] |series=Session 19: Information Theory III - Speed and Computation |date=June 1954 |location=Stanford Research Institute, Stanford, California, USA |pages=47–57 [49, 51–52, 57] |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-IRE/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-&-Information%20pdf |access-date=2020-07-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703180632/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-IRE/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information%20pdf |archive-date=2020-07-03 |quote-page=52 |quote=[…] The last column [of Table II], labeled "Best," gives the maximum fraction possible with any code—namely 0.60—half again better than any conventional code. This extremal is reached with the ten heavily-marked vertices of the graph of [[#Kautz|Fig. 4]] for n = 4, or, in fact, with any set of ten code combinations which include all eight with an even (or all eight with an odd) number of "1's." The second and third rows of Table II list the average and peak decimal change per undetected single binary error, and have been derived using the equations of Sec. II for Δ<sub>1</sub> and δ<sub>1</sub>. The confusion index for decimals using the criterion of "decimal change," is taken to be c<sub>ij</sub> = {{!}}i − j{{!}} &nbsp; i,j = 0, 1, … 9. Again, the "Best" arrangement possible (the same for average and peak), one of which is shown in Fig. 4, is substantially better than the conventional codes. […] Fig. 4 [[#Kautz|Minimum-confusion code for decimals]]. […] δ<sub>1</sub>=2 &nbsp; Δ<sub>1</sub>=15 […]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703173707/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0049.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175038/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0050.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175214/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0051.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175243/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0052.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175313/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0053.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175344/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0054.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175425/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0055.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175459/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0056.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175529/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0057.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175606/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0058.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200703175641/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Site-Technical/Engineering-General/Archive-IRE-IDX/IDX/50s/IRE-1954-Part-4-Electronic-Computers-%26-Information-OCR-Page-0059.pdf] (11 pages) (NB. Besides the combinatorial set of 4-bit BCD "minimum-confusion codes for decimals", of which the author illustrates only one explicitly (here reproduced as [[#Kautz|code I]]) in form of a 4-bit graph, the author also shows a 16-state 4-bit "binary code for analog data" in form of a code table, which, however, is not discussed here. The [[#Kautz II|code II]] shown here is a modification of code I discussed by {{citeref|Berger|1962|Berger|style=plain}}.)</ref>
<ref name="Lippel_1955">{{cite journal |title=A Decimal Code for Analog-to-Digital Conversion |author-last=Lippel |author-first=Bernhard |journal=[[IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers]] |issn=0367-9950 |volume=EC-4 |issue=4 |date=December 1955 |doi=10.1109/TEC.1955.5219487 |pages=158–159}} (2 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Stopper_1960">{{cite journal |title=Ermittlung des Codes und der logischen Schaltung einer Zähldekade |language=de |author-first=Herbert |author-last=Stopper |editor-first=Wilhelm Tolmé |editor-last=Runge |editor-link=Wilhelm Tolmé Runge |date=March 1960 |journal=Telefunken-Zeitung (TZ) - Technisch-Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen der Telefunken GMBH |volume=33 |issue=127 |publisher=[[Telefunken]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |location=Litzelstetten, Germany |pages=13–19}} (7 pages<!-- of total pages 1–80 -->)</ref>
<ref name="Borucki-Dittmann_1971">{{cite book |title=Digitale Meßtechnik: Eine Einführung |chapter=2.3 Gebräuchliche Codes in der digitalen Meßtechnik |language=de |author-first1=Lorenz |author-last1=Borucki |author-first2=Joachim |author-last2=Dittmann |date=1971 |orig-date=July 1970, 1966, Autumn 1965 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |publication-place=Berlin / Heidelberg, Germany |location=Krefeld / Karlsruhe, Germany |edition=2 |lccn=75-131547 |isbn=3-540-05058-2<!-- this is the ISBN printed in the book --> |id={{ISBN|978-3-642-80561-5}}<!-- this is for reprints of the 2nd edition --> |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-80560-8 |pages=10–23 [12–14]}} (viii+252 pages) [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwyCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 1st edition]</ref>
<ref name="Chinal_1973">{{cite book |title=Design Methods for Digital Systems |author-first=Jean P. |author-last=Chinal |chapter=Codes |language=en |publisher=[[Akademie-Verlag]] / [[Springer-Verlag]] |publication-place=Berlin, Germany |location=Paris, France |translator-first=Alan |translator-last1=Preston |translator-first2=Arthur |translator-last2=Summer |date=January 1973 |edition=1st English |id=License No. 202-100/542/73. Order No. 7617470(6047) ES 19 B 1 / 20 K 3 |isbn=978-0-387-05871-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-86187-1_3|page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FnxCAAAQBAJ |access-date=2020-06-21}} (xviii+506 pages) (NB. The French 1967 original book was named "Techniques Booléennes et Calculateurs Arithmétiques", published by {{ill|Éditions Dunod|fr}}.)</ref>
<ref name="Gray_1947">{{cite book |author-first=Frank |author-last=Gray |author-link=Frank Gray (researcher) |title=Pulse Code Communication |date=1953-03-17<!-- gdate --> |orig-date=1947-11-13<!-- fdate --> |publisher=[[Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated]] |location=New York, USA |id={{US patent|2632058}}. Serial No. 785697 |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a3/d7/f2/0343f5f2c0cf50/US2632058.pdf |access-date=2020-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805094312/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/a3/d7/f2/0343f5f2c0cf50/US2632058.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-05}} (13 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Glixon_1957">{{cite journal |date=March 1957 |title=Can You Take Advantage of the Cyclic Binary-Decimal Code? |author-first=Harry Robert |author-last=Glixon |journal=[[Control Engineering (magazine)|Control Engineering]] |issn=0010-8049 |publisher=[[Technical Publishing Company]], a division of Dun-Donnelley Publishing Corporation, [[Dun & Bradstreet Corp.]] |volume=4 |number=3 |pages=<!-- 3, -->87–91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_5IAQAAIAAJ}}<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20180115014809/https://donmooreswartales.com/2010/05/12/harry-glixon/ https://books.google.com/books?id=-_5IAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=cyclic+binary+code --> (5 pages)</ref>
<ref name="White_1953">{{cite journal |title=Coded Decimal Number Systems for Digital Computers |author-first=Garland S. |author-last=White |journal=[[Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers]] |publisher=[[Institute of Radio Engineers]] (IRE) |issn=0096-8390 |eissn=2162-6634 |volume=41 |number=10 |date=October 1953 |doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1953.274330 |s2cid=51674710 |pages=1450–1452}} (3 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Lucal_1959">{{cite journal |author-first=Harold M. |author-last=Lucal |title=Arithmetic Operations for Digital Computers Using a Modified Reflected Binary |journal=[[IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers]] |volume=EC-8 |number=4 |pages=449–458 |date=December 1959 |issn=0367-9950 |doi=10.1109/TEC.1959.5222057 |s2cid=206673385 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5222057}} (10 pages)</ref>
<ref name="EHub_2015">{{cite web |title=Different Types of Binary Codes |at=Section 2.4 5211 Code |date=2019-05-01 |orig-date=2015-01-28 |work=Electronic Hub |url=https://www.electronicshub.org/disclaimer/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203953/https://www.electronicshub.org/disclaimer/ |archive-date=2020-05-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1995">{{cite web |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |title=Unterbrechungsfreier Schleifencode |language=de |trans-title=Continuous loop code |version=1.02 |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/mpbcd102.zip |date=1995-08-10 |orig-date=1994 |access-date=2008-02-11}}{{cbignore}} (NB. The author called this code {{lang|de|Schleifencode}} (English: "loop code"). It differs from [[Gray BCD code]] only in the encoding of state 0 to make it a cyclic [[unit-distance code]] for full-circle rotatory [[slip ring]] applications. Avoiding the all-zero code pattern allows for loop self-testing and to use the data lines for uninterrupted power distribution.)</ref>
<ref name="Petherick_1953">{{cite book |author-first=Edward John |author-last=Petherick |title=A Cyclic Progressive Binary-coded-decimal System of Representing Numbers |date=October 1953 |type=Technical Note MS15 |publisher=[[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE) |location=Farnborough, UK}} (4 pages) (NB. Sometimes referred to as ''A Cyclic-Coded Binary-Coded-Decimal System of Representing Numbers''.)</ref>
<ref name="Petherick-Hopkins_1958">{{cite book |author-first1=Edward John |author-last1=Petherick |author-first2=A. J. |author-last2=Hopkins |title=Some Recently Developed Digital Devices for Encoding the Rotations of Shafts |date=1958 |type=Technical Note MS21 |publisher=[[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE) |location=Farnborough, UK}}</ref>
<ref name="O'Brien_1955">{{cite journal |author-first=Joseph A. |author-last=O'Brien |title=Cyclic Decimal Codes for Analogue to Digital Converters |journal=[[Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics]] |location=Bell Telephone Laboratories, Whippany, New Jersey, USA |volume=75 |issue=2 |date=May 1956 |orig-date=1955-11-15, 1955-06-23 |issn=0097-2452 |doi=10.1109/TCE.1956.6372498 |id=Paper 56-21 |s2cid=51657314 |pages=120–122 |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/cyclic-decimal-codes-for-analogue-to-digital-converters.html |access-date=2020-05-18 |archive-date=2020-05-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518075301/https://pdfslide.net/documents/cyclic-decimal-codes-for-analogue-to-digital-converters.html |url-status=dead }} (3 pages) (NB. This paper was prepared for presentation at the AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York, USA, 1956-01-30 to 1956-02-03.)</ref>
<ref name="Tompkins_1956">{{cite journal |author-first=Howard E. |author-last=Tompkins |title=Unit-Distance Binary-Decimal Codes for Two-Track Commutation |date=September 1956 |orig-date=1956-07-16 |journal=[[IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers]] |issn=0367-9950 |volume=EC-5 |issue=3 |doi=10.1109/TEC.1956.5219934 |series=Correspondence |location=[[Moore School of Electrical Engineering]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |page=139 |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/unit-distance-binary-decimal-codes-for-two-track-commutation.html |access-date=2020-05-18 |archive-date=2020-05-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518083051/https://dokumen.tips/documents/unit-distance-binary-decimal-codes-for-two-track-commutation.html |url-status=dead }} (1 page)</ref>
<ref name="Susskind_1958">{{cite book |title=Notes on Analog-Digital Conversion Techniques |chapter=III.F. Unit-Distance Codes / VI.E.2. Reflected Binary Codes |editor-first=Alfred Kriss |editor-last=Susskind<!-- born 1923-10-04, Coblenz (Göda), Germany, died 1988-12-10 Bethesda, Maryland, USA --> |author-first1=Alfred Kriss<!-- Patent US3487460A erroneously refers to Alfred Kriss Susskind as Alfred N. Susskind: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3487460A --> |author-last1=Susskind |author-first2=John Erwin |author-last2=Ward<!-- born 1920 --> |date=1958-03-28 |orig-date=1957, 1956 |edition=3 |publisher=[[Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] / [[John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]] / [[Chapman & Hall, Ltd.]] |publication-place=New York, USA |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |series=Technology Books in Science and Engineering |volume=1 |pages=3-7–3-8 [3-7], 3-10–3-16 [3-13–3-16], 6-65–6-60 [6-60]}} (x+416+2 pages) (NB. The contents of the book was originally prepared by staff members of the [[MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory|Servomechanisms Laboraratory]], Department of Electrical Engineering, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], for Special Summer Programs held in 1956 and 1957. The code Susskind actually presented in his work as "reading-type code" is shown as code type&nbsp;II here, whereas the type&nbsp;I code<!-- which is not directly discussed in the book --> is a minor derivation with the two most significant bit columns swapped to better illustrate symmetries.)</ref>
<ref name="MIL_1991">{{cite book |title=Military Handbook: Encoders - Shaft Angle To Digital |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |id=MIL-HDBK-231A |date=1991-09-30 |url=http://everyspec.com/MIL-HDBK/MIL-HDBK-0200-0299/download.php?spec=MIL_HDBK_231A.1809.pdf |access-date=2020-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725051128/http://everyspec.com/MIL-HDBK/MIL-HDBK-0200-0299/download.php?spec=MIL_HDBK_231A.1809.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-25}} (NB. Supersedes MIL-HDBK-231(AS) (1970-07-01).)</ref>
<ref name="Lala_2007">{{cite book |author-first=Parag K. |author-last=Lala |title=Principles of Modern Digital Design |date=2007 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-07296-7 |pages=20–25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doNGOrHUyCoC&pg=PA20}}</ref>
<ref name="IBM_1980_POP">{{cite book |title=IBM System/370 Principles of Operation |chapter=Chapter 8: Decimal Instructions |publisher=[[IBM]] |date=March 1980}}</ref>
<ref name="DEC_1983_PDP11">{{cite book |title=PDP-11 Architecture Handbook |chapter=Chapter 3: Data Representation |publisher=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]] |date=1983}}</ref>
<ref name="DEC_1985_VAX11">{{cite book |title=VAX-11 Architecture Handbook |publisher=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]] |date=1985}}</ref>
<ref name="ILE-RPG">{{cite web |url=http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/iseries/v5r2/ic2924/books/c0925083170.htm |title=ILE RPG Reference}}</ref>
<ref name="Van1401">{{cite web |url=https://ibm-1401.info/Van1401-CodeChart.pdf |title=IBM 1401/1440/1460/1410/7010 Character Code Chart in BCD Order}}</ref>
<ref name="Intel_2020_V1">{{cite book |title=Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 1: Basic Architecture |chapter=4.7 BCD and packed BCD integers |volume=1 |version=Version 072 |pages=3-2, 4-9–4-11 [4-10] |date=2020-05-27 |orig-date=1997 |id=253665-072US |publisher=[[Intel Corporation]] |url=https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/public/us/en/documents/253665-sdm-vol-1.pdf |access-date=2020-08-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806110842/https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/public/us/en/documents/253665-sdm-vol-1.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-06 |quote-page=4-10 |quote=[…] When operating on BCD integers in [[general-purpose register]]s, the BCD values can be unpacked (one BCD digit per byte) or packed (two BCD digits per byte). The value of an unpacked BCD integer is the binary value of the low [[Nibble|halfbyte]] (bits 0 through 3). The high half-byte (bits 4 through 7) can be any value during addition and subtraction, but must be zero during multiplication and division. Packed BCD integers allow two BCD digits to be contained in one byte. Here, the digit in the high half-byte is more significant than the digit in the low half-byte. […] When operating on BCD integers in [[x87]] [[floating-point unit|FPU]] data registers, BCD values are packed in an 80-bit format and referred to as decimal integers. In this format, the first 9 bytes hold 18 BCD digits, 2 digits per byte. The [[least-significant digit]] is contained in the lower half-byte of byte 0 and the [[most-significant digit]] is contained in the upper half-byte of byte 9. The most significant bit of byte 10 contains the [[sign bit]] (0 = positive and 1 = negative; bits 0 through 6 of byte 10 are [[don't-care term|don't care]] bits). Negative decimal integers are not stored in [[two's complement]] form; they are distinguished from positive decimal integers only by the sign bit. The range of decimal integers that can be encoded in this format is −10<sup>18</sup> + 1 to 10<sup>18</sup> − 1. The decimal integer format exists in memory only. When a decimal integer is loaded in an x87 FPU data register, it is automatically converted to the [[double-extended-precision floating-point format]]. All decimal integers are exactly representable in double extended-precision format. […]}} [http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html]</ref>
<ref name="Motorola_m68k">{{cite web |title=The 68000's Instruction Set |date= |url=http://www.tigernt.com/onlineDoc/68000.pdf |access-date=2023-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120233850/http://www.tigernt.com/onlineDoc/68000.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-20}} (58 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Jones_1999_AT">{{cite web |title=BCD Arithmetic, a tutorial |work=Arithmetic Tutorials |author-first=Douglas W. |author-last=Jones |author-link=Douglas W. Jones |publisher=The [[University of Iowa]], Department of Computer Science |orig-date=1999 |date=2015-11-25 |location=Iowa City, Iowa, USA |url=http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/bcd/bcd.html |access-date=2016-01-03}}</ref>
<ref name="IEEE_CORDIC">{{cite web |author=University of Alicante |title=A Cordic-based Architecture for High Performance Decimal Calculations |url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/11826/1/VF-016519.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105044510/http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/11826/1/VF-016519.pdf |archive-date=2010-01-05 |url-status=live |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref>
<ref name="BCS_CORDIC">{{cite web |title=Decimal CORDIC Rotation based on Selection by Rounding: Algorithm and Architecture |url=http://faculties.sbu.ac.ir/~jaberipur/Papers/Journals/19.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://faculties.sbu.ac.ir/~jaberipur/Papers/Journals/19.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |publisher=[[British Computer Society]] |access-date=2015-08-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Mathur_1989">{{Cite book |author-last=Mathur |author-first=Aditya P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gky_Gjk4De0C&pg=PA42 |title=Introduction to Microprocessors |edition=3 |date=1989 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited]] |isbn=978-0-07-460222-5}}</ref>
<ref name="3GPP_2013_TS29002">{{cite tech report |title=3GPP TS 29.002: Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification |at=sec. 17.7.8 Common data types |date=2013 |url=http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/29002.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="ETSI_SPS">{{cite web |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_etr/001_099/060/02_60/etr_060e02p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061024/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_etr/001_099/060/02_60/etr_060e02p.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-04 |url-status=live |title=Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS) Guidelines for using Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) in telecommunication application protocols |page=15}}</ref>
<ref name="OpenSS_XMAP">{{cite web |url=http://www.openss7.org/specs/xmap.pdf |title=XOM Mobile Application Part (XMAP) Specification |page=93 |access-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221103429/http://www.openss7.org/specs/xmap.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Units_ENS">{{cite web |title=Timer Counter Circuits in an IBM PC |issue=Week 8 |website=www.se.ecu.edu.au |url=http://www.se.ecu.edu.au/units/ens1242/lectures/ens_Notes_08.pdf |access-date=2022-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010064411/http://www.se.ecu.edu.au/units/ens1242/lectures/ens_Notes_08.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-10}} (7 pages)</ref>
<ref name="MC6818">MC6818 datasheet</ref>
<ref name="Evans_1961">{{anchor|Ferranti}}{{cite book |title=Digital Data: Their derivation and reduction for analysis and process control |chapter=Chapter Four: Ancillary Equipment: Output-drive and parity-check relays for digitizers |author-first=David Silvester |author-last=Evans<!-- M.I.E.E. --> |edition=1<!-- printed by J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol, UK --> |publisher=[[Hilger & Watts Ltd]] / [[Interscience Publishers]] |location=London, UK |date=March 1961 |pages=46–64 [56–57] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOIJAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2020-05-24}} (8+82 pages) (NB. The 4-bit [[#8421|8421]] BCD code with an extra [[parity bit]] applied as [[least significant bit]] to achieve [[odd parity]] of the resulting 5-bit code is also known as ''Ferranti code''.)</ref>
<ref name="Ledley_1960">{{cite book |title=Digital Computer and Control Engineering |chapter=Part 4. Logical Design of Digital-Computer Circuitry; Chapter 15. Serial Arithmetic Operations; Chapter 15-7. Additional Topics |author-first1=Robert Steven |author-last1=Ledley |author-link1=Robert Steven Ledley |author-first2=Louis S. |author-last2=Rotolo |author-first3=James Bruce |author-last3=Wilson |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.]] (printer: The Maple Press Company, York, Pennsylvania, USA) |publication-place=New York, USA |series=McGraw-Hill Electrical and Electronic Engineering Series |edition=1 |date=1960 |sbn=07036981-X |isbn=0-07036981-X |id=. ark:/13960/t72v3b312 |issn=2574-7916 |ol=OL5776493M |lccn=59015055 |oclc=1033638267 |pages=517–518 |url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/columbiaUniv/Ledley_Digital_Computer_and_Control_Engineering_1960.pdf |access-date=2021-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219203314/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/columbiaUniv/Ledley_Digital_Computer_and_Control_Engineering_1960.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-19 |quote-page=517 |quote=[…] The cyclic code is advantageous mainly in the use of relay circuits, for then a sticky relay will not give a false state as it is delayed in going from one cyclic number to the next. There are many other cyclic codes that have this property. […]}} [https://archive.org/details/digitalcomputerc00ledl] (xxiv+835+1 pages) (NB. Ledley classified the described cyclic code as a ''cyclic decimal-coded binary code''.)</ref>
}}