Editing Convergent evolution (section)

===Carbon fixation===

[[C4 photosynthesis|C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis]], one of the three major carbon-fixing biochemical processes, has [[Evolutionary history of plants#Evolution of photosynthetic pathways|arisen independently up to 40 times]].<ref name="williamsjohnston">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=B. P. |author2=Johnston, I. G. |author3=Covshoff, S. |author4=Hibberd, J. M.  | title=Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis | journal=eLife | volume=2 |pages=e00961 |date=September 2013 |doi=10.7554/eLife.00961 |pmid=24082995 |pmc=3786385 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Osborne2006>{{cite journal |last1=Osborne |first1=C. P. |author2=Beerling, D. J. |author-link2=David Beerling |year=2006 |title=Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of {{C4}} plants |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=361 |issue=1465 |pages=173–194 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1737 |pmid=16553316 |pmc=1626541}}</ref> About 7,600 plant species of [[angiosperm]]s use {{c4}} carbon fixation, with many [[monocot]]s including 46% of grasses such as [[Zea mays|maize]] and [[sugar cane]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Sage |first=Rowan |author2=Russell Monson |title=C4 Plant Biology |year=1999 |pages=551–580 |chapter=16 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-614440-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Wv9ZImW-QC&pg=PA551}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=X. G. |author2=Long, S. P. |author3=Ort, D. R. |title=What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass? |year=2008 |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |volume=19 |pages=153–159 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.004 |pmid=18374559 |issue=2 |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=36097&content=PDF |access-date=2018-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401014953/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=36097&content=PDF |archive-date=2019-04-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[dicot]]s including several species in the [[Chenopodiaceae]] and the [[Amaranthaceae]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sage |first=Rowan |author2=Russell Monson |title=C4 Plant Biology |year=1999 |pages=228–229 |chapter=7 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-614440-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Wv9ZImW-QC&pg=PA228}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadereit |first1=G. |author2=Borsch, T. |author3=Weising, K. |author4=Freitag, H |title=Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the Evolution of {{C4}} Photosynthesis |year=2003 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=959–86 |doi=10.1086/378649|s2cid=83564261 }}</ref>