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Cosmic ray
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===Possible mass extinction factor=== {{See also|Pliocene#Supernovae}} A handful of studies conclude that a nearby supernova or series of supernovas caused the [[Pliocene]] marine megafauna extinction event by substantially increasing radiation levels to hazardous amounts for large seafaring animals.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Melott|first1=Adrian L.|first2=F. |last2=Marinho|first3=L. |last3=Paulucci|title=Muon Radiation Dose and Marine Megafaunal Extinction at the end-Pliocene Supernova|journal=Astrobiology|volume=19|issue=6|pages=825–830|date=2019|doi=10.1089/ast.2018.1902|pmid=30481053|arxiv=1712.09367|s2cid=33930965}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Benitez|first=Narciso|date=2002|title=Evidence for Nearby Supernova Explosions|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=88|issue=8|pages=081101|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.081101|pmid=11863949|display-authors=et al.|arxiv=astro-ph/0201018|bibcode=2002PhRvL..88h1101B|s2cid=41229823}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fimiani|first1=L.|last2=Cook|first2=D. L.|last3=Faestermann|first3=T.|last4=Gómez-Guzmán|first4=J. M.|last5=Hain|first5=K.|last6=Herzog|first6=G.|last7=Knie|first7=K.|last8=Korschinek|first8=G.|last9=Ludwig|first9=P.|last10=Park|first10=J.|last11=Reedy|first11=R. C.|last12=Rugel|first12=G.|title=Interstellar 60Fe on the Surface of the Moon|journal=Physical Review Letters|date=2016|volume=116|issue=15|page=151104|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.151104|pmid=27127953 |bibcode=2016PhRvL.116o1104F}}</ref>
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