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==Geophysical extremes== ===Tallest mountain=== {{Further|List of tallest mountains in the Solar System}} * [[Mauna Kea]], tallest mountain from base-to-peak, with a dry [[prominence]] of {{convert|9330|m|abbr=on|0}} and a wet prominence above sea level of {{convert|4,207.3|m|abbr=on|0}}. * [[Denali]] (federally designated as Mount McKinley), tallest mountain from base-to-peak on land, measuring {{convert|5500|meter|feet|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Helman2005">{{cite book|author=Adam Helman|title=The Finest Peaks: Prominence and Other Mountain Measures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr8AM-w8IFQC|access-date=9 December 2012|date=2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4120-5995-4|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031053845/https://books.google.com/books?id=kr8AM-w8IFQC|url-status=live}} On p. 20 of Helman (2005):"the base to peak rise of Mount McKinley is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some {{convert|18000|feet|meter|abbr=on}}"</ref> ===Greatest vertical drop=== {{further|List of tallest cliffs}} {| class="wikitable" | Greatest purely vertical drop || {{cvt|4100|ft|order=flip}}<br />[[Mount Thor]], [[Auyuittuq National Park]], [[Baffin Island]], [[Nunavut]], Canada (summit elevation {{convert|1675|m|abbr=on|0}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/03/mount-thor-the-greatest-vertical-drop-on-earth.html |title=Mount Thor -The Greatest Vertical Drop on Earth! |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312051404/https://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/03/mount-thor-the-greatest-vertical-drop-on-earth.html |archive-date=March 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name=bivouac>{{cite bivouac|id=4155|name=Thor Peak|access-date=30 November 2009}}</ref> || [[Image:Mount Thor Peak 1997-08-07.jpg|right|100px]] |- | Greatest nearly vertical drop || {{convert|1340|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Trango Towers]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan ]] (summit elevation {{convert|6286|m|abbr=on|0}}) || [[Image:GreatTrango.jpg|right|100px]] |- | Greatest mountain face || {{convert|4600|m|abbr=on|0}} <br /> [[Nanga Parbat]], Rupal Face, [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Kashmir, Pakistan]] || [[File:Nanga Parbat Rupal Base camp, Gilgit Baltistan.JPG|right|100px]] |- | Greatest ocean cliff || [[Kermadec Trench]], with cliffs around {{convert|8000|m|abbr=on}} tall || [[File:Kermadec Arc.jpg|right|100px]] |} === Longest === * [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], South Africa is the longest surface escarpment at 5,000 km long<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) The Great Escarpment of Southern Africa: A New Frontier for Biodiversity Exploration |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234834352_The_Great_Escarpment_of_Southern_Africa_A_New_Frontier_for_Biodiversity_Exploration |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231020235044/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234834352_The_Great_Escarpment_of_Southern_Africa_A_New_Frontier_for_Biodiversity_Exploration |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> === Subterranean === {{Further|Mining#Records|List of deepest caves}} {| class="wikitable" | Deepest [[Mining|mine]] below ground level|| {{convert|4000|m|abbr=on}}<br />[[Mponeng Gold Mine]], [[Gauteng Province]], [[South Africa]] |- | Deepest mine below sea level|| {{convert|2733|m|abbr=on|0}} below sea level<br />[[Kidd Mine]], [[Ontario]], Canada |- | Deepest [[open-pit mine]] below ground level|| {{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}}<br />[[Bingham Canyon Mine]], [[Utah]], United States |- | Deepest open-pit mine below sea level|| {{convert|293|m|abbr=on|0}} below sea level<br />[[Tagebau Hambach]], Germany |- | Deepest [[cave]] (measured from the entrance) || {{convert|2204|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Veryovkina Cave|Veryovkina]], [[Arabika Massif]], [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gulden|first1=Bob|author-link=Robert Gulden |title=World's Deepest Caves|url=http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022112054/http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2021|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> |- | Deepest [[pitch (vertical space)|pitch]] (single vertical drop) || {{convert|1026|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Xiaozhai Tiankeng|Tian Xing Cave]], China<ref>{{cite web|last1=Starritt|first1=Alex|title=Climbers explore one of world's deepest underground shafts|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3284948/Climbers-explore-one-of-worlds-deepest-underground-shafts.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3284948/Climbers-explore-one-of-worlds-deepest-underground-shafts.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2008 |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited|access-date=22 September 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |- | Deepest [[borehole]] || {{convert|12261|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Kola Superdeep Borehole]], Russia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kola-superdeep-borehole|title=Kola Superdeep Borehole|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> |- | Deepest [[borehole]] by depth below sea level || {{convert|11944 |m|abbr=on|0}} (10,685 m well at 1,259 m deep seabed)<br />The Tiber well, [[Gulf of Mexico]], United States <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/79913/bp_makes_giant_deepwater_discovery_with_tiber/ |title=BP Deepeater Well|website=Rigzone}}</ref> |} ===Greatest oceanic depths=== {| class="wikitable" | [[Atlantic Ocean]] || {{convert|8376|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/home/expedition/atlantic/|title=Atlantic Ocean|website=Five Deeps Expedition|language=en-GB|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref><br />[[Milwaukee Deep]] (within the [[Brownson Deep]]), [[Puerto Rico Trench]] |- | [[Arctic Ocean]] || {{convert|5550|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Molloy-Press-Release-final.pdf|title=Five Deeps Expedition is complete after historic dive to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean}}</ref><br />[[Molloy Deep]], [[Fram Strait]] |- | [[Indian Ocean]] || {{convert|7192|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/JT-Diamantina-Press-Release-FINAL-UPDATED.pdf|title=Deep sea pioneermakes history again as first human to dive to the deepest point in the Indian Ocean, the Java Trench}}</ref><br />[[Sunda Trench]] |- |[[Mediterranean Sea]] || {{convert|5267|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Calypso Deep]], [[Hellenic Trench]] |- | [[Pacific Ocean]] || '''{{convert|10928|m|abbr=on|0}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FDE-Challenger-Release-FINAL-5132019.pdf|title=Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep}}</ref>'''<br />[[Challenger Deep]], [[Mariana Trench]]'''<ref name="Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA">{{cite news|url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/Reports/Archives/KMreportJuneJuly2009.html |title=Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009 |date=4 June 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaii Marine Center |access-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524194643/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/Reports/Archives/KMreportJuneJuly2009.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 }}</ref> |- | [[Southern Ocean]] || {{convert|7433.6|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FDE-SST-Press-Release-Final.pdf|title=Explorer makes history as first human to successfully dive to the deepest point in the Southern Ocean, in the South Sandwich Trench}}</ref><br />[[South Sandwich Trench]] (southernmost portion, at {{coordinates|60|28.46|S|025|32.32|W|display=inline}}) |} ===Deepest ice=== Ice sheets on land, but having the base below sea level. Places under ice are not considered to be on land. {| class="wikitable" |[[Denman Glacier|Denman Subglacial Trench]]|| {{convert|β3500|m|abbr=on}} || [[Antarctica]] |- |Trough beneath [[Jakobshavn IsbrΓ¦]] || {{convert|-1512|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>Plummer, Joel. [https://www.cresis.ku.edu/~plummer/jakob.html#Bed_1 Jakobshavn Bed Elevation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627071506/https://www.cresis.ku.edu/~plummer/jakob.html |date=27 June 2010 }}, Center for the Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheets, Dept of Geography, University of Kansas.</ref>|| [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]] |}
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