Editing Fat binary (section)

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Devanbu-Fong-Stubblebine_1998">{{cite conference |title=Techniques for Trusted Software Engineering |chapter=3.3 Java and ''TH'' |author-last1=Devanbu |author-first1=Premkumar T. |author-last2=Fong |author-first2=Philip W. L. |author-last3=Stubblebine |author-first3=Stuart G. |date=19–25 April 1998 |journal=Proceedings - International Conference on Software Engineering |location=Kyoto, Japan |doi=10.1109/ICSE.1998.671109 |issn=0270-5257 |isbn=0-8186-8368-6 |conference=Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Software Engineering |page=131 |conference-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/671109/;jsessionid=2A501560B9AB4D3A6FA96FD285E5E825?arnumber=671109 |chapter-url=http://ftp2.uk.postgresql.org/sites/ftp.wiretapped.net/pub/security/info/papers/secure-programming/devanbu-et-al-1998-techniques-for-trusted-software-engineering.pdf |access-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131407/http://ftp2.uk.postgresql.org/sites/ftp.wiretapped.net/pub/security/info/papers/secure-programming/devanbu-et-al-1998-techniques-for-trusted-software-engineering.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-16<!-- |quote=[…] [[Java (programming language)|Java]] bytecode recompilers […] (which produce "fat", multi-platform binaries that contain binary code in addition to or instead of bytecodes) can also be accommodated. […] -->}} (10 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Tevanian-DeMoney-Enderby_Wiebe_Snyder_1995">{{cite web |title=Method and apparatus for architecture independent executable files |author-first1=Avadis |author-last1=Tevanian |author-first2=Michael |author-last2=DeMoney |author-first3=Kevin |author-last3=Enderby |author-first4=Douglas |author-last4=Wiebe |author-first5=Garth |author-last5=Snyder |publisher=[[NeXT Computer, Inc.]] |publication-place=Redwood City, California, USA |date=1995-07-11 |orig-date=1993-08-20 |id=US patent 5432937A |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/8a/87/fc/3991741ae9c814/US5432937.pdf |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214153809/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/8a/87/fc/3991741ae9c814/US5432937.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-14}} [https://patents.google.com/patent/US5432937] (9 pages); {{cite web |title=Method and apparatus for architecture independent executable files |author-first1=Avadis |author-last1=Tevanian |author-first2=Michael |author-last2=DeMoney |author-first3=Kevin |author-last3=Enderby |author-first4=Douglas |author-last4=Wiebe |author-first5=Garth |author-last5=Snyder |publisher=[[NeXT Computer, Inc.]] |publication-place=Redwood City, California, USA |date=1997-02-18 |orig-date=1995-02-28 |id=US patent 5604905A |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/86/ab/58/b62a0481816568/US5604905.pdf |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526193437/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/86/ab/58/b62a0481816568/US5604905.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-26}} (9 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Pero_2008">{{cite web |title=gnustep/tools-make: README.Packaging |website=GitHub |date=2008-12-18 |author-first=Nicola |author-last=Pero |url=https://github.com/gnustep/tools-make/blob/master/README.Packaging#L145 |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525074924/https://github.com/gnustep/tools-make/blob/master/README.Packaging#L145 |archive-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
<ref name="GNUstep_2009">{{cite web |title=PackagingDrafts/GNUstep |website=Fedora Project Wiki |date=2009-02-25 |url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/PackagingDrafts/GNUstep#.22Fat.22_unflattened_layout |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525075225/https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/PackagingDrafts/GNUstep#.22Fat.22_unflattened_layout |archive-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
<ref name="Engst_1994_1">{{cite news |title=Should Fat Binaries Diet? |author-first=Adam C. |author-last=Engst |author-link=Adam C. Engst |date=1994-08-22 |newspaper=[[TidBITS]] |issn=1090-7017 |publisher=[[TidBITS Publishing Inc.]] |number=240 |url=https://tidbits.com/1994/08/22/should-fat-binaries-diet/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929080651/https://tidbits.com/1994/08/22/should-fat-binaries-diet/ |archive-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>
<ref name="Engst_1994_2">{{cite news |title=Fat Binary Comments |author-first=Adam C. |author-last=Engst |author-link=Adam C. Engst |date=1994-08-29 |newspaper=[[TidBITS]] |issn=1090-7017 |publisher=[[TidBITS Publishing Inc.]] |number=241 |url=https://tidbits.com/1994/08/29/fat-binary-comments/ |access-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929080636/https://tidbits.com/1994/08/29/fat-binary-comments/ |archive-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>
<ref name="Apple_1996_ResourceManager">{{cite web |title=Chapter 1 - Resource Manager / Resource Manager Reference - Resource File Format |work=Inside Macintosh: Mac OS Runtime Architectures |publisher=[[Apple Computer]] |date=1996-07-06 |url=http://developer.apple.com/legacy/mac/library/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-99.html |access-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929075231/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/MoreToolbox/MoreToolbox-99.html |archive-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>
<ref name="Apple_1997_Fat">{{cite web |title=Chapter 7 - Fat Binary Programs - Creating Fat Binary Programs |date=1997-03-11 |publisher=[[Apple Computer]] |work=Inside Macintosh: Mac OS Runtime Architectures |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/runtimehtml/RTArch-87.html |access-date=2011-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929074105/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/runtimehtml/RTArch-87.html |archive-date=2021-09-29}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040307080236/http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/runtimehtml/RTArch-87.html]</ref>
<ref name="Apple_1997_PEF">{{cite web |title=Chapter 8 - PEF Structure |work=Inside Macintosh: Mac OS Runtime Architectures |publisher=[[Apple Computer]] |date=1997-03-11 |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/runtimehtml/RTArch-89.html |access-date=2021-09-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929075218/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/runtimehtml/RTArch-89.html |archive-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>
<ref name="Universal Binary">{{cite web |work=Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference |title=Universal Binaries and 32-bit/64-bit PowerPC Binaries |date=2009-02-04 |orig-date=2003 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |url=http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html%23//apple_ref/doc/uid/20001298-154889 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427213052/http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/MachORuntime/Reference/reference.html%23//apple_ref/doc/uid/20001298-154889 |archive-date=2012-04-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Singh_2006">{{cite book |title=Mac OS X Internals - A Systems Approach |chapter=2.6.2 Fat Binaries |author-first=Amit |author-last=Singh |date=2006-06-19 |isbn=978-0-13270226-3 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |page=66 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8vUkpOXhN4C&pg=PA66 |access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_CPM3_COM">{{cite web |title=CP/M 3 COM file header |author-first1=John C. |author-last1=Elliott |author-first2=Jim |author-last2=Lopushinsky |date=2002 |orig-date=1998-04-11 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/rsxrec.html |access-date=2016-08-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830194033/http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/rsxrec.html |archive-date=2016-08-30}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY">{{cite web |ref=CITEREF-Paul-2001-COUNTRY |title=DOS COUNTRY.SYS file format |type=COUNTRY.LST file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-06-10 |edition=1.44 |orig-date=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip<!-- not an official distribution archive, but contains an older version of COUNTRY.LST --> |access-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip |archive-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3">{{cite web |ref=CITEREF-Paul-1997-IBMBIO |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |title=Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/ibmbioa3.zip |date=1997-10-02 |access-date=2009-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip |archive-date=2003-10-04}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154705/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20&%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/Op702src.zip<!-- Op702src.zip is an unofficial renamed distribution of the ibmbioa3.zip file -->]</ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703">{{cite book |ref=CITEREF-Caldera-1998-DRDOS |title=DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT - Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03 |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=1998-12-24 |url=http://www.lookas.net/ftp/incoming/darbui/Justas/DRDOS/WHATSNEW.TXT |access-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408142232/http://www.lookas.net/ftp/incoming/darbui/Justas/DRDOS/WHATSNEW.TXT |archive-date=2019-04-08}}</ref>
<ref name="Gordon_2009_FatELF">{{cite web |title=FatELF: Universal Binaries for Linux. |author-first=Ryan C. |author-last=Gordon |author-link=Ryan C. Gordon |date=October 2009 |website=icculus.org |url=http://icculus.org/fatelf/ |access-date=2010-07-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827163203/http://icculus.org/fatelf/ |archive-date=2020-08-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Gordon_2009_Spec">{{cite web |title=FatELF specification, version 1. |author-first=Ryan C. |author-last=Gordon |author-link=Ryan C. Gordon |website=icculus.org |date=November 2009 |url=http://hg.icculus.org/icculus/fatelf/raw-file/tip/docs/fatelf-specification.txt |access-date=2010-07-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827163541/http://hg.icculus.org/icculus/fatelf/raw-file/tip/docs/fatelf-specification.txt |archive-date=2020-08-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Windisch_2009">{{cite web |title=Subject: Newsgroups: gmane.linux.kernel, Re: FatELF patches... |author-last=Windisch |author-first=Eric |date=2009-11-03 |publisher=gmane.org |url=http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/908851 |access-date=2010-07-08  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115002617/http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/908851 |archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Holwerda_2009">{{cite web |title=Ryan Gordon Halts FatELF Project |author-last=Holwerda |author-first=Thom |author-link=Thom Holwerda |publisher=osnews.com |department=Linux |date=2009-11-05 |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/22446/ |access-date=2010-07-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526091019/https://www.osnews.com/story/22446/ |archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Gordon_2009_VM">{{cite web |title=FatELF: Universal Binaries for Linux. - The proof-of-concept virtual machine download page. |author-first=Ryan C. |author-last=Gordon |author-link=Ryan C. Gordon |date=2009 |website=icculus.org |url=http://icculus.org/fatelf/vm/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521072456/http://icculus.org/fatelf/vm/ |archive-date=2022-05-21}} (NB. VM image of Ubuntu 9.04 with Fat Binary support.)</ref>
<ref name="Christ_2012">{{cite web |editor-first=Raymond |editor-last=Chen |editor-link=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) |title=Microsoft Money crashes during import of account transactions or when changing a payee of a downloaded transaction |author=ChristW |work=The New Old Thing |date=2012-11-14 |orig-date=2012-11-13 |url=https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20121113-00/?p=6103#comment-1020793 |access-date=2018-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705152154/https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20121113-00/?p=6103#comment-1020793 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |quote=[…] byte sequence […] EB 03 C3 yy xx […] If you create a [[.COM file]] with those 5 bytes as the first ones […] you'll see 'JMP SHORT 3', followed by 3 garbage bytes. […] If you look at a [[Z80]] disassembly […] that translates to 'EX DE,HL; INC BC;' […] The 3rd byte is 'JUMP' followed by the 16-bit address specified as yy xx […] you'll have a .COM file that runs on [[MS-DOS]] and […] [[CP/M]] […]}} (NB. While the author speaks about the Z80, this sequence also works on the [[8080]] and compatible processors.)</ref>
<ref name="Brehm_2016">{{cite web |title=CP/M and MS-DOS Fat Binary |author-first=Andrew J. |author-last=Brehm |work=DesertPenguin.org |date=2016 |url=http://www.desertpenguin.org/blog/cpm-and-ms-dos-fat-binary/ |access-date=2018-05-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519073248/http://www.desertpenguin.org/blog/cpm-and-ms-dos-fat-binary/ |archive-date=2018-05-19}} (NB. While the article speaks about the [[Z80]], the code sequence also works on the [[8080]] and compatible processors.)</ref>
<ref name="Necasek_2018_WordStar">{{cite web |title=WordStar Again |date=2018-01-30 |orig-date=2018-01-28, 2018-01-26 |author-first=Michal |author-last=Necasek |work=OS/2 Museum |url=http://www.os2museum.com/wp/wordstar-again/comment-page-1/ |access-date=2019-07-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728011415/http://www.os2museum.com/wp/wordstar-again/comment-page-1/ |archive-date=2019-07-28 |quote=[…] The reason to suspect such difference is that version 3.2x also supported [[CP/M-86]] (the [[overlay (programming)|overlay]]s are identical between [[DOS]] and CP/M-86, only the main executable is different) […] the [[.OVR]] files are 100% identical between DOS and CP/M-86, with a flag (clearly shown in the [[WordStar 3.20]] manual) switching between them at runtime […] the OS interface in WordStar is quite narrow and well abstracted […] the WordStar 3.2x overlays are 100% identical between the DOS and CP/M-86 versions. There is a runtime switch which chooses between calling INT 21h (DOS) and INT E0h (CP/M-86). WS.COM is not the same between DOS and CP/M-86, although it's probably not very different either. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP">{{cite book |title=NWDOS-TIPs &mdash; Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds |series=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=1997-07-30 |orig-date=1994-05-01 |edition=3 |language=de |chapter=Chapter II.4. Undokumentierte Eigenschaften externer Kommandos - SYS.COM |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |access-date=2014-08-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910194752/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |archive-date=2017-09-10 |quote=Für ein zukünftiges Update für Calderas OpenDOS 7.01 habe ich den Startcode von [[IBMBIO.COM]] so modifiziert, daß er - falls fälschlicherweise als normales Programm gestartet - ohne Absturz zur Kommandozeile zurückkehrt. Wann diese Sicherheitsfunktion in die offizielle Version Einzug halten wird, ist jedoch noch nicht abzusehen.}} (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger <code>MPDOSTIP.ZIP</code><!-- still named TIPS_MP.ZIP between 1991 and 1996-11 --> collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the <code>NWDOSTIP.TXT</code> file.) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152204/https://www.sac.sk/download/text/mpdostip.zip<!-- A yet older version 155 from 1997-05-13 of the 1997-07-15 distribution archive. -->]</ref>
<ref name="Lineback_GSX">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gsx.html |title=GSX Screen Shots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2020-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200115071430/http://toastytech.com/guis/gsx.html |archive-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_CTMOUSE">{{cite web <!-- Citation bot bypass--> |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-06 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577 |access-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130948/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-07 |quote=[…] Add a SYS device driver header to the driver, so that CTMOUSE could be both in one, a normal [[Terminate-and-stay-resident program|TSR]] and a device driver - similar to our FreeKEYB advanced keyboard driver. […] This is not really needed under [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] because [[INSTALL (CONFIG.SYS directive)|INSTALL]]= is supported since DR&nbsp;DOS 3.41+ and DR&nbsp;DOS preserves the order of [[CONFIG.SYS|&#91;D&#93;CONFIG.SYS]] directives […] but it would […] improve the […] flexibility on [[MS-DOS]]/[[PC&nbsp;DOS]] systems, which […] always execute [[DEVICE (CONFIG.SYS directive)|DEVICE]]= directives prior to any INSTALL= statements, regardless of their order in the file. […] software may require the mouse driver to be present as a device driver, as mouse drivers have always been device drivers back in the old times. These mouse drivers have had specific device driver names depending on which protocol they used ("[[PC$MOUSE]]" for [[Mouse Systems Mode]] for example), and some software may search for these drivers in order to find out the correct type of mouse to be used. […] Another advantage would be that device drivers usually consume less memory (no [[environment (computing)|environment]], no [[Program Segment Prefix|PSP]]) […] It's basically a tricky file header, a different code to parse the command line, a different entry point and exit line, and some segment magics to overcome the ORG 0 / ORG 100h difference. [[Self-loadhigh]]ing a device driver is a bit more tricky as you have to leave the driver header where it is and only relocate the remainder of the driver […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_COMSYS">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-11 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101853130816682&w=2 |access-date=2020-02-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221130238/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101853130816682&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-21 |quote=[…] FreeKEYB is […] a true .COM and .SYS driver (tiny model) in one. You can safely overwrite the first JMP, that's part of what I meant by "tricky header". […] you can replace the FFFFh:FFFFh by a 3-byte jump and a pending DB FFh. It works with MS-DOS, PC&nbsp;DOS, DR-DOS, and most probably any other DOS issue as well. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Sage_1988_ZSystem">{{cite journal |title=ZCPR 3.4 - Type-4 Programs |series=ZCPR3 Corner |author-first=Jay |author-last=Sage |journal=[[The Computer Journal (US journal)<!-- to be distinguished from the identically named UK journal -->|The Computer Journal]] (TCJ) - Programming, User Support, Applications |issn=0748-9331 |editor-first=Art |editor-last=Carlson |date=May–June 1988 |location=Columbia Falls, Montana, USA |issue=32 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-32/page/n10/mode/1up 10]–17 [<nowiki/>[https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-32/page/n16/mode/1up 16]] |id=ark:/13960/t1wd4v943 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-32 |access-date=2021-11-29}} [https://archive.org/stream/the-computer-journal-32/tcj_32_May-June_1988_djvu.txt][https://archive.org/download/the-computer-journal-32/tcj_32_May-June_1988_text.pdf]</ref>
<ref name="Sage_1992_ZSystem_1">{{cite journal |title=Type-3 and Type-4 Programs |series=Z-System Corner - Some New Applications of Type-4 Programs |author-first=Jay |author-last=Sage |journal=[[The Computer Journal (US journal)<!-- to be distinguished from the identically named UK journal -->|The Computer Journal]] (TCJ) - Programming, User Support, Applications |issn=0748-9331 |editor-first1=Art |editor-last1=Carlson |editor-first2=Chris |editor-last2=McEwen |date=May–June 1992 |orig-date=March–June 1992 |publisher=Socrates Press |location=S. Plainfield, New Jersey, USA |issue=55 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-55/page/n14/mode/1up 13]–19 [14, [https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-55/page/n16/mode/1up 16]] |id=ark:/13960/t4dn54d22 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-55 |access-date=2021-11-29}} [https://archive.org/stream/the-computer-journal-55/tcj_55_March-June_1992_djvu.txt][https://archive.org/download/the-computer-journal-55/tcj_55_March-June_1992_text.pdf]</ref>
<ref name="Sage_1992_ZSystem_2">{{cite journal |title=Regular Feature, ZCPR Support, Language Independence, part 2 |series=The Z-System Corner |author-first=Jay |author-last=Sage |journal=[[The Computer Journal (US journal)<!-- to be distinguished from the identically named UK journal -->|The Computer Journal]] (TCJ) - Programming, User Support, Applications |issn=0748-9331 |date=November–December 1992 |publication-place=Lincoln, CA, USA |editor-first1=Art |editor-last1=Carlson |editor-first2=Bill D. |editor-last2=Kibler |issue=58 |pages=7–10 |id=ark:/13960/t70v9g87h |url=https://archive.org/details/the-computer-journal-58 |access-date=2020-02-09 |quote=[…] there was an opcode of "RST 0", which, if executed, would result in a [[warm boot]]. A file containing a [[Z3TXT]] module should never be executed, but at a cost of one byte we could protect ourself against that outside chance. The header also contained the string of characters "Z3TXT" followed by a null (0) byte. Many [[Z-System]] modules include such identifiers. In this category are resident command packages (RCPs), flow command packages (FCPs), and environment descriptor modules ([[Z3ENV]]s). Programs, such as Bridger Mitchell's […] JETLDR.COM, that load these modules from files into memory can use the ID string to validate the file, that is, to make sure that it is the kind of module that the user has stated it to be. User mistakes and damaged files can thus be detected. […] The header, thus, now stands as follows: […] rst […] db 'Z3TXT',0 ; null-terminated ID […] ; 12345678 ; must be 8 characters, […] db 'PROGNAME' ; pad with spaces […] ; 123 ; must be 3 characters […] db 'ENG' ; name of language […] dw LENGTH ; length of module […]}} [https://archive.org/stream/the-computer-journal-58/tcj_58_November-December_1992_djvu.txt][https://archive.org/download/the-computer-journal-58/tcj_58_November-December_1992_text.pdf]</ref>
<ref name="CHF_2010_DOS-1A">{{cite web |title=Re: Copy command which merges several files tags the word SUB at the end |author=BC_Programmer |date=2010-01-31 |orig-date=2010-01-30 |work=Computer Hope Forum |url=https://www.computerhope.com/forum/index.php?topic=99159.0 |access-date=2020-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226141316/https://www.computerhope.com/forum/index.php?topic=99159.0 |archive-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Superuser_2011_TXT">{{cite web |title=What are the differences between Linux and Windows .txt files (Unicode encoding) |work=Superuser |date=2011-08-03 |orig-date=2011-06-08 |url=https://superuser.com/questions/294219/what-are-the-differences-between-linux-and-windows-txt-files-unicode-encoding |access-date=2020-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226141750/https://superuser.com/questions/294219/what-are-the-differences-between-linux-and-windows-txt-files-unicode-encoding |archive-date=2020-02-26}}</ref>
<ref name="DRI_1979_CPM20-IG">{{cite book |title=CP/M 2.0 Interface Guide |chapter=2. Operating System Call Conventions |date=1979 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Digital Research]] |location=Pacific Grove, California, USA |page=5 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/cpm/2.0/CPM_2_0_Interface_Guide_1979.pdf |access-date=2020-02-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228175812/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/cpm/2.0/CPM_2_0_Interface_Guide_1979.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-28 |quote=[…] The end of an [[ASCII]] file is denoted by a [[control-Z]] character (1AH) or a real end of file, returned by the [[CP/M]] read operation. Control-Z characters embedded within machine code files (e.g., [[COM file]]s) are ignored, however, and the end of file condition returned by CP/M is used to terminate read operations. […]}} (56 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Hogan_1982_CP/M">{{cite book <!-- Citation bot bypass--> |title=Osborne CP/M User Guide - For All CP/M Users |chapter=3. CP/M Transient Commands |author-first=Thom |author-last=Hogan |publisher=[[A. Osborne/McGraw-Hill]] |date=1982 |edition=2 |location=Berkeley, California, USA <!-- |lccn=87-65432??? --> |isbn=0-931988-82-9 |page=74 |url=https://archive.org/details/osborne-cpm-users-guide_2nd-ed/OsborneCpmUsersGuideSecondEdition |access-date=2020-02-28 |quote=[…] [[CP/M]] marks the end of an [[ASCII]] file by placing a [[CONTROL-Z]] character in the file after the last data character. If the file contains an exact multiple of 128 characters, in which case adding the CONTROL-Z would waste 127 characters, CP/M does not do so. Use of the CONTROL-Z character as the [[end-of-file marker]] is possible because CONTROL-Z is seldom used as data in ASCII files. In a non-ASCII file, however, CONTROL-Z is just as likely to occur as any other character. Therefore, it cannot be used as the end-of-file marker. CP/M uses a different method to mark the end of a non-ASCII file. CP/M assumes it has reached the end of the file when it has read the last record (basic unit of disk space) allocated to the file. The disk directory entry for each file contains a list of the disk records allocated to that file. This method relies on the size of the file, rather than its content, to locate the end of the file. […]}} [https://archive.org/stream/osborne-cpm-users-guide_2nd-ed/OsborneCpmUsersGuideSecondEdition_djvu.txt][https://archive.org/download/osborne-cpm-users-guide_2nd-ed/OsborneCpmUsersGuideSecondEdition.pdf]</ref>
<ref name="Brockmeier_2010">{{cite web |title=SELF: Anatomy of an (alleged) failure |publisher=Linux Weekly News |date=2010-06-23 |author-first=Joe "Zonker" |author-last=Brockmeier |website=LWN.net |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/392862/ |access-date=2011-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090113/https://lwn.net/Articles/392862/ |archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Mulder_2018">{{cite web |title=sjmulder/fatpack - Build multi-architecture 'fat' binaries for Windows |author-last=Mulder |author-first=Sijmen J. |website=GitHub |date=2021-03-06 |orig-date=2018-04-25 |url=https://github.com/sjmulder/fatpack |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090826/https://github.com/sjmulder/fatpack/blob/master/README.md |archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2022">{{cite web |title=Arm64X PE files |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |website=learn.microsoft.com |date=2022-08-13 |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/arm/arm64x-pe |access-date=2023-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820175815/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/arm/arm64x-pe |archive-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft_2023">{{cite web |title=Build Arm64X binaries |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |website=learn.microsoft.com |date=2023-03-10 |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/arm/arm64x-build |access-date=2023-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820175738/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/arm/arm64x-build |archive-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>
<ref name="LTO">{{cite web |title=LTO Overview (GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals) |website=gcc.gnu.org |url=https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/LTO-Overview.html |access-date=2021-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912142506/https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/LTO-Overview.html |archive-date=2021-09-12}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_DDCE">{{cite newsgroup |title=[ANN] FreeDOS beta 6 released |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-04-10 |language=de |newsgroup=de.comp.os.msdos |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/de.comp.os.msdos/qCZs8p6MyPQ/Pksl0Pv6qM8J |access-date=2017-07-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170909084250/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/de.comp.os.msdos/qCZs8p6MyPQ/Pksl0Pv6qM8J |archive-date=2017-09-09 |quote=[…] brandneue[s] Feature, der [[Dynamic dead code elimination|dynamischen Dead-Code-Elimination]], die die jeweils notwendigen Bestandteile des Treibers erst zum Installationszeitpunkt zusammenbastelt und reloziert, so daß keine ungenutzten Code- oder Datenbereiche mehr resident bleiben (z.B. wenn jemand ein bestimmtes FreeKEYB-Feature nicht benötigt). […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2001_FK">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] Changing codepages in FreeDOS |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2001-08-21 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99840256128898&w=2 |access-date=2019-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419120006/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99840256128898&w=2 |archive-date=2019-04-19 |quote=[…] a […] unique feature […] we call [[dynamic dead code elimination]], so you can at installation time […] specify which components of the driver you want and which you don't. This goes to an extent of dynamic loadable modularization and late linkage I have not seen under DOS so far. If you do not like the screen saver, macros, the calculator, or mouse support, or <almost anything else>, you can specify this at the command line, and FreeKEYB, while taking all the dependencies between the routines into account, will completely remove all the code fragments, which deal with that feature and are not necessary to provide the requested functionality, before the driver relocates the image into the target location and makes itself resident. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_DDCE2">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] Ctrl+Alt+Del |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-04-06 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807225917568&w=2 |access-date=2019-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190427131940/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807225917568&w=2 |archive-date=2019-04-27 |quote=[…] FreeKEYB builds the driver's runtime image at initialization time depending on the type of machine it is being loaded on, the type of keyboard, layout, country and code page used, the type of mouse and video adapter(s) installed, the other drivers loaded on that system, the operating system and the load and relocation method(s) used, the individual features included, and the configuration options specified in the command line. Due to the large number of command line switches and options supported […] (around fifty switches […] with multiple possible settings) there is a high number of feature combinations with uncountable dependencies […] resulting in […] endless number of […] different target images. FreeKEYB's Dynamic Dead Code Elimination technique manages to resolve […] these […] dependencies and […] remove dead code and data […] is not restricted to […] include or exclude a somewhat limited number of modules or whole sub-routines and fix up some dispatch tables as in classical TSR programming, but […] works […] at […] byte level […] able to remove […] individual instructions in the middle of larger routines […] distributed all over the code to handle a particular case or support a specific feature […] special tools are used to analyze the code […] and create […] fixup tables […] automated […] using conditional defines […] to declare the various cases […] not only optional at assembly time but at initialization time […] without the […] overhead of having at least some amount of dead code left in the runtime image […] to keep track of all the dependencies between […] these conditionals, dynamically build and relocate the runtime image, fix up all the references between these small, changing, and moving binary parts […] still allowing to use the tiny .COM/.SYS style […] model […] is done at initialization time […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1997_FreeKEYB">{{citation |title=FreeKEYB - Enhanced DOS keyboard and console driver |edition=v6.5 |author-first1=Matthias R. |author-last1=Paul |author-first2=Axel C. |author-last2=Frinke |type=User Manual |date=1997-10-13 |orig-date=1991}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190309194320/http://sta.c64.org/dosprg/fk657p1.zip<!-- FreeKEYB 6.57p1 Beta as of 2004-08-17 with outdated and incomplete documentation -->] (NB. FreeKEYB is a [[Unicode]]-based dynamically configurable successor of K3PLUS supporting most [[keyboard layout]]s, [[code page]]s, and [[List of country calling codes|country code]]s. Utilizing an off-the-shelf [[macro assembler]] as well as a framework of automatic pre- and post-processing analysis tools to generate dependency and [[code morphing]] [[meta data]] to be embedded into the [[executable file]] alongside the [[binary code]] and a self-discarding, [[instruction relaxation|relaxing]] and [[relocating loader]], the driver implements byte-level granular [[dynamic dead code elimination]] and [[relocation (computing)|relocation]] techniques at [[load-time]] as well as [[self-modifying code]] and reconfigurability at [[runtime (computing)|run-time]] to minimize its memory footprint downto close the [[canonical form]] depending on the underlying hardware, operating system, and driver configuration as well as the selected feature set and locale (about sixty configuration switches with hundreds of options for an almost unlimited number of possible combinations). This complexity and the dynamics are hidden from users, who deal with a single executable file just like they would do with a conventional driver.)</ref>
<ref name="Wennborg_2018">{{cite web |title=Attributes in Clang |author-first=Hans |author-last=Wennborg |work=Clang 7 documentation |date=2018 |url=https://releases.llvm.org/7.0.0/tools/clang/docs/AttributeReference.html#target-gnu-target |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407203122/https://releases.llvm.org/7.0.0/tools/clang/docs/AttributeReference.html#target-gnu-target |archive-date=2022-04-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Bahena_2018">{{cite web |title=Transparent use of library packages optimized for Intel architecture |department=Power and Performance |date=2018-04-03 |author-first=Victor Rodriguez |author-last=Bahena |work=[[Clear Linux Project]] |publisher=[[Intel Corporation]] |url=https://clearlinux.org/news-blogs/transparent-use-library-packages-optimized-intel-architecture |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526084952/https://clearlinux.org/news-blogs/transparent-use-library-packages-optimized-intel-architecture |archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Apollo_1988">{{cite web |title=Domain System Software Release Notes, Software Release 10.1 |id=Order No. 005809-A03 |location=Chelmsford, Massachusetts, USA |date=December 1988 |publisher=[[Apollo Computer Inc.]] |edition=first printing |page=2{{hyphen}}16 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/apollo/release_notes/005809-A03_10.1_Release_Notes_Dec88.pdf |access-date=2022-07-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526145521/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/apollo/release_notes/005809-A03_10.1_Release_Notes_Dec88.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-26}} (256 pages)</ref>
<ref name="DEC_1965_PDP-6">{{cite book |title=PDP-6 Multiprogramming System Manual |chapter=Table of IO Device Characteristics - Console or Teletypewriters |id=DEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00 |publisher=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) |publication-place=Maynard, Massachusetts, USA |date=1965 |page=43 |url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp6/DEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00_Multiprogramming_System_Manual_1965.pdf |access-date=2014-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140253/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp6/DEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00_Multiprogramming_System_Manual_1965.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-14}} (1+84+10 pages)</ref>
<ref name="DEC_1969_PDP-10">{{cite book |title=PDP-10 Reference Handbook: Communicating with the Monitor - Time-Sharing Monitors |volume=3 |chapter=5.1.1.1. Device Dependent Functions - Data Modes - Full-Duplex Software A(ASCII) and AL(ASCII Line) |publisher=[[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC) |date=1969 |pages=5-3–5-6 [5-5 (431)] |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/1970_PDP-10_Ref/1970PDP10Ref_Part3.pdf |access-date=2014-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115083418/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/1970_PDP-10_Ref/1970PDP10Ref_Part3.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-15}} (207 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_1998_FATBIN">{{cite web |title=FATBIN v1.01 |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=1998-06-28 |orig-date=1997-04-01 |url=http://www.seasip.demon.co.uk/Cpm/software/fatbnsea.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980628081239/http://www.seasip.demon.co.uk/Cpm/software/fatbnsea.com |archive-date=1998-06-28}} (NB. FATBN101.COM 22k 1997-04-01 FATBIN v1.01. Creates fat binary files which will run under both CP/M and DOS. Distributed in a [[self-extracting archive]] for CP/M-80 and DOS.)</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2002_FBMAKE">{{cite web |title=DSKWRITE v1.00 |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |work=Fossies - the Fresh Open Source Software Archive |date=2002-03-11<!-- or earlier? --> |url=https://fossies.org/linux/libdsk/dskwrite/dskwrite.txt |access-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212211225/https://fossies.org/linux/libdsk/dskwrite/dskwrite.txt |archive-date=2021-12-12 |quote=[…] DSKWRITE.Z80 contains source for the [[CP/M]] version. […] DSKWRITE.ASM contains source for the [[DOS]] version. […] To get the single [[.COM file]], you need to use FBMAKE: […]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200228141706/https://www.seasip.info/Cpm/software/fatbnsea.com] (NB. Mentions FBMAKE from the FATBNSEA.COM package.)</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2005_FATBIN-PMSFX">{{cite web |title=Generic CP/M |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=2012-06-20 |orig-date=2005-01-05<!-- possibly earlier --> |work=Seasip.info |url=https://www.seasip.info/Cpm/software/fatbnsea.com |access-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117090912/http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/software/gencpm.html |archive-date=2021-11-17 |quote=[…] [[Self-extracting archive]]s are [[.COM file]]s containing a number of smaller files. When you run one, it will create its smaller files […] The self-extract archive programs will run under [[DOS]] (2 or later) or [[CP/M]], with identical effects. To extract them under [[Unix]], you can use ZXCC […] FATBNSEA.COM […] FATBIN combines a CP/M-80 .COM file and a DOS .COM file to produce one that will work on both systems. […] M3C4SEA.COM […] M3CONV version 4 - converts [[ZX Spectrum|Spectrum]] snapshots in the .Z80 or .SNA format to or from [[Multiface 3]] format (Multiface 3 -> [[Z80]] only on a PC). […] PMSFX21X.COM<!-- an older version was named PMSFX21B.COM --> […] [[PMSFX]] is the program that was used to generate these self-unpacking archives. This version (2.11) can generate archives which unpack themselves under CP/M or DOS. You will need [[PMARC]] to use PMSFX. New: Under DOS, it supports exact file sizes. […] SP2BMSEA.COM […] Converts a Stop Press Canvas file to a [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] .BMP […]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210822122304/http://cd.textfiles.com/230/EMULATOR/DIVERSE/CPM/DOSTOOLS/PMAUTOAE/]</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_1996_FATBIN">{{cite newsgroup |title=Upload to micros.hensa.ac.uk |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=1996-06-13 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/RNMu9TVfJ98/m/QZEasTIH3R4J |access-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213021316/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/RNMu9TVfJ98/m/QZEasTIH3R4J |archive-date=2021-12-13 |quote=[…] FATBIN 1.00 - combine a [[CP/M]] [[.COM file]] and a [[DOS]] .COM file to create one which runs on both platforms. […] It was used to create: […]  MSODBALL 2.05 - convert floppy discs between [[Amstrad]] 706k format and a DOS 706k format. […] Both the programs run under CP/M-80 and DOS. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_1997_PMSFX2">{{cite newsgroup |title=PMSFX 2 |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=1997-01-18 |orig-date=1997-01-11 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/tmvc1Wzz28A/m/s6GzKZKqSk0J |access-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213022339/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/tmvc1Wzz28A/m/s6GzKZKqSk0J |archive-date=2021-12-13 |quote=[…] I've written a version of [[PMSFX]] that produces [[.COM file]]s unpackable under [[DOS]] and [[CP/M]] (the first three bytes are both legal [[Z80]] code, legal [[8086]] code and legal [[PMARC|PMA]] header) […] as a [[self-extracting archive]]. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2009_PMARC">{{cite newsgroup |title=CP/M info program |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=2009-10-27 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/RMWG4qSdbM0/m/UGll0BzoiW0J |access-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213154548/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/RMWG4qSdbM0/m/UGll0BzoiW0J |archive-date=2021-12-13 |quote=[…] DOS protection feature […] The idea is based on the utilities in Simeon Cran's MYZ80 emulator; the DOS-protection header in those goes one better by not changing any [[Z80]] registers. The magic sequence is EB 52 EB: […] XCHG […] MOV D,D […] XCHG […] but that means the DOS code ends up quite a way away from the start of the program. […] More fun can be had with self-extract [[PMarc|PMArc]] archives. Start one with […] defb 0EBh, 018h, '-pms-' […] and it's treated as a valid archive by the PMA utilities, sends [[8086]] processors to 011Ah, and Z80 processors to 0130h. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Wilkinson-Seligman-Drushel-Elliott-Harston_1999">{{cite newsgroup |title=MS-DOS & CP/M-Compatible Binaries |author-first1=William "Bill" Albert |author-last1=Wilkinson |author-first2=Cory |author-last2=Seligman |author-first3=Richard F. |author-last3=Drushel |author-first4=Jonathan Graham |author-last4=Harston |author-first5=John C. |author-last5=Elliott |date=1999-02-17 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/nSiKFzq1gGE/m/PzpfpSbNx34J |access-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213055749/https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.cpm/c/nSiKFzq1gGE/m/PzpfpSbNx34J |archive-date=2021-12-13}} (NB. Some of the opcodes in Elliott's example code ({{mono|EBh, 44h, EBh}} and {{mono|EBh, 04h, ...}}) might be mixed up.)</ref>
<ref name="Wilkinson_2005">{{cite magazine |title=Something COMmon About MS-DOS and CP/M |author-first=William "Bill" Albert |author-last=Wilkinson |location=Heath Company, USA |magazine=REMark |publisher=Heath/Zenith Users' Group (HUG) |issn= |publication-place=St. Joseph, Michigan, USA |date=2005-04-02 |volume=8 |issue=2 |id=<!-- |number=-->#85. P/N 885-2085 |orig-date=<!-- republished on new domaim -->2003, <!-- first web published http://members.aol.com/wwheco1/commscpm.htm -->1999-02-16, <!-- first published in REMark -->February 1987, <!-- originally written -->1986-11-15, 1986-11-10 |pages=55–57 |url=https://www.heco.wxwilki.com/commscpm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213125948/https://www.heco.wxwilki.com/commscpm.html |archive-date=2021-12-13}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20211213163457/http://www.pestingers.net/pdfs/remark-scans/1987/remark-volume8-issue2-1987.pdf]</ref>
<ref name="Paul_2002_COM">{{cite newsgroup |ref=CITEREF-Paul-2002-COM |title=Re: Run a COM file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-10-07 |orig-date=2000 |newsgroup=alt.msdos.programmer |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ |access-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170903230312/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.msdos.programmer/d7blJjY0H5M/Qu3VeTOIGVcJ |archive-date=2017-09-03}} [https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.lang.asm/PNOd9zfYow0/vXbab16j4XwJ] (NB. Has details on DOS COM program calling conventions.)</ref>
<ref name="Collins-Chinya-Jiang-Tian-Girkar-Yang-Lueh-Wang_2007">{{cite journal |title=EXOCHI: architecture and programming environment for a heterogeneous multi-core multithreaded system |author-first1=Perry H. |author-last1=Wang |author-first2=Jamison D. |author-last2=Collins |author-first3=Gautham N. |author-last3=Chinya |author-first4=Hong |author-last4=Jiang |author-first5=Xinmin |author-last5=Tian |author-first6=Milind |author-last6=Girkar |author-first7=Nick Y. |author-last7=Yang |author-first8=Guei-Yuan |author-last8=Lueh |author-first9=Hong |author-last9=Wang |journal=ACM SIGPLAN Notices |volume=42 |issue=6 |date=June 2007 |doi=10.1145/1273442.1250753 |pages=156–166 |url=https://doi.org/10.1145/1273442.1250753|url-access=subscription }} (11 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Wang-Collins-Chinya-Jiang-Tian-Girkar-Pearce-Lueh-Yakoushkin-Wang_2007">{{cite journal |title=Accelerator Exoskeleton |author-last1=Wang |author-first1=Perry H. |author-last2=Collins |author-first2=Jamison D. |author-last3=Chinya |author-first3=Gautham N. |author-first4=Hong |author-last4=Jiang |author-first5=Xinmin |author-last5=Tian |author-last6=Girkar |author-first6=Milind |author-last7=Pearce |author-first7=Lisa |author-first8=Guei-Yuan |author-last8=Lueh |author-last9=Yakoushkin |author-first9=Sergey |author-first10=Hong |author-last10=Wang |journal=Intel Technology Journal |publisher=[[Intel Corporation]] |volume=11: Tera-scale Computing |issue=3 |date=2007-08-22 |issn=1535-864X |doi=10.1535/itj.1103 |pages=185–196 |url=https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/research/2007-vol11-iss-3-intel-technology-journal.pdf |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526031706/https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/research/2007-vol11-iss-3-intel-technology-journal.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-26}} (12 of 1+vii+90+1 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Nvidia_2004">{{cite web |title=cudaFatFormat.h / ptxomp.c |version=1.13 |date=2004-11-15 |publisher=[[Nvidia Corporation]] |url=https://pixel.ecn.purdue.edu:8443/purpl/WSJ/projects/DirectionalStippling/include/.svn/text-base/__cudaFatFormat.h.svn-base |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526034030/https://pixel.ecn.purdue.edu:8443/purpl/WSJ/projects/DirectionalStippling/include/.svn/text-base/__cudaFatFormat.h.svn-base |archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Braun-Fröning_2019">{{cite conference |title=CUDA Flux: A Lightweight Instruction Profiler for CUDA Applications |author-first1=Lorenz |author-last1=Braun |author-first2=Holger |author-last2=Fröning |conference=IEEE/ACM Performance Modeling, Benchmarking and Simulation of High Performance Computer Systems (PMBS) |date=2019-11-18 |doi=10.1109/PMBS49563.2019.00014 |publisher=[[IEEE]] |location=Denver, Colorado, USA |isbn=978-1-7281-5977-5 |url=https://sc19.supercomputing.org/proceedings/workshops/workshop_files/ws_pmbsf101s2-file1.pdf |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321153526/https://sc19.supercomputing.org/proceedings/workshops/workshop_files/ws_pmbsf101s2-file1.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Harris_2014">{{cite web |title=Technical Walkthrough: CUDA Pro Tip: Understand Fat Binaries and JIT Caching |author-first=Mark J. |author-last=Harris |author-link=Mark Harris (programmer) |date=2014-05-08 |orig-date=2013-06-05 |work=Nvidia Developer |publisher=[[Nvidia]] |url=https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/cuda-pro-tip-understand-fat-binaries-jit-caching/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323142917/https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/cuda-pro-tip-understand-fat-binaries-jit-caching/ |archive-date=2022-03-23}}</ref>
<ref name="CUDA_2014">{{cite web |title=CUDA Binary Utilities |id=DA-06762-001_v6.0 |date=February 2014 |publisher=[[Nvidia]] |type=Application Note |version=6.0 |url=http://194.29.175.19/cuda/6.0/doc/pdf/CUDA_Binary_Utilities.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525180630/http://194.29.175.19/cuda/6.0/doc/pdf/CUDA_Binary_Utilities.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
<ref name="CUDA_2016">{{cite web |title=fatbinary - help |date=2016 |version=8.0 |url=https://helpmanual.io/help/fatbinary/ |website=helpmanual.io |access-date=2022-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525180220/https://helpmanual.io/help/fatbinary/ |archive-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
<ref name="CUDA_2022">{{cite web |title=CUDA Compiler Driver NVCC - Reference Guide |publisher=[[Nvidia]] |date=May 2022 |id=TRM-06721-001_v11.7 |version=11.7 |url=https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/pdf/CUDA_Compiler_Driver_NVCC.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525184954/https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/pdf/CUDA_Compiler_Driver_NVCC.pdf 
|archive-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
<ref name="Fung-Sham-Yuan-Aamodt_2007">{{cite web |title=Dynamic Warp Formation and Scheduling for Efficient GPU Control Flow |author-first1=Wilson W. L. |author-last1=Fung |author-first2=Ivan |author-last2=Sham |author-first3=George |author-last3=Yuan |author-first4=Tor M. |author-last4=Aamodt |location=Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |date=2007 |url=https://people.ece.ubc.ca/aamodt/papers/wwlfung.micro2007.pdf |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526151255/https://people.ece.ubc.ca/aamodt/papers/wwlfung.micro2007.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-26}} (12 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Bakhoda-Yuan-Fung-Wong-Aamodt_2009">{{cite conference |title=Analyzing CUDA Workloads Using a Detailed GPU Simulator |author-first1=Ali |author-last1=Bakhoda |author-first2=George L. |author-last2=Yuan |author-first3=Wilson W. L. |author-last3=Fung |author-first4=Henry |author-last4=Wong |author-first5=Tor M. |author-last5=Aamodt |conference=Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS) |doi=10.1109/ISPASS.2009.4919648 |location=Boston, Massachusetts, USA |date=2009-04-28 |orig-date=2009-04-26 |pages=163–174 |url=https://people.ece.ubc.ca/aamodt/papers/gpgpusim.ispass09.pdf |access-date=2022-05-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526152055/https://people.ece.ubc.ca/aamodt/papers/gpgpusim.ispass09.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-26}} [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali-Bakhoda-2/publication/224445130_Analyzing_CUDA_workloads_using_a_detailed_GPU_simulator/links/00b49525edd5aa467f000000/Analyzing-CUDA-workloads-using-a-detailed-GPU-simulator.pdf]</ref>
<ref name="Ubal-Jang_Mistry_Schaa_Kaeli_2012">{{cite conference |title=Multi2Sim: A Simulation Framework for CPU-GPU Computing |author-first1=Rafael |author-last=Ubal |author-first2=Byunghyun |author-last2=Jang |author-first3=Perhaad |author-last3=Mistry |author-first4=Dana |author-last4=Schaa |author-first5=David R. |author-last5=Kaeli |author-link5=David R. Kaeli |date=2012-09-23 |orig-date=2012-09-19 |book-title=21st International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT) |publisher=[[IEEE]] |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA |isbn=978-1-4503-1182-3 |url=http://www.multi2sim.org/publications/pact-2012.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525190239/http://www.multi2sim.org/publications/pact-2012.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-25}} (10 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Multi2Sim_2013">{{cite book |title=The Multi2Sim Simulation Framework - A CPU-GPU Model for Heterogeneous Computing |version=v4.2 |chapter=13.4 The AMD Compiler Wrapper: Fat binaries |pages=173–176 [176] |date=2013 |publisher=Multi2Sim |url=http://www.multi2sim.org/downloads/m2s-guide-4.2.pdf |access-date=2022-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525175140/http://www.multi2sim.org/downloads/m2s-guide-4.2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-25}} (4 of 210 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Cha-Pak-Brumley-Lipton_2010">{{cite conference |title=Platform-Independent Programs |author-first1=Sang Kil |author-last1=Cha |author-first2=Brian |author-last2=Pak |author-first3=David |author-last3=Brumley |author-link3=David Brumley |author-first4=Richard Jay |author-last4=Lipton |author-link4=Richard Jay Lipton |conference=Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'10) |location=Chicago, Illinois, USA |date=2010-10-08 |orig-date=2010-10-04 |isbn=978-1-4503-0244-9 |doi=10.1145/1866307.1866369 |publisher=[[Carnegie Mellon University]], Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA / [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], Atlanta, Georgia, USA |pages=547–558 |url=https://softsec.kaist.ac.kr/~sangkilc/papers/cha-ccs10.pdf |access-date=2022-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526153147/https://softsec.kaist.ac.kr/~sangkilc/papers/cha-ccs10.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-26}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220526182333/http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~sangkilc/papers/ccs10-cha.pdf] (12 pages) (See also: [https://security.ece.cmu.edu/pip/index.html]) {{anchor|Gadget}}(NB. Does not address the scenario specifically for [[8080]] vs. [[8086]] [[instruction set architecture]]s (as for [[CP/M]] and [[DOS]]), but describes the general "self-identifying program" concept of platform-independent programs (PIPs) through what the authors call a ''gadget header'' (that is, chunks of program logic not to be confused with [[ROP gadget]]s) for [[x86]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] and [[ARM architecture|ARM]]: i.e. 
{{mono|0Eh, B2h, 02h, A9h, 0Eh, B2h, 02h, 3Ah, 24h, 77h, 01h, 04h}} or {{mono|90h, EBh, 20h, 2Ah, 90h, EBh, 20h, 3Ah, 24h, 77h, 01h, 04h}}.)</ref>
}}