Editing Flow cytometry (section)

=== Aquatic research ===
In aquatic systems, flow cytometry is used for the analysis of autofluorescing cells or cells that are fluorescently-labeled with added stains. This research started in 1981 when [[Clarice Yentsch]] used flow cytometry to measure the fluorescence in a red tide producing dinoflagellate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yentsch CM | title = Flow cytometric analysis of cellular saxitoxin in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata | journal = Toxicon | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 611–21 | date = 1981 | pmid = 7197816 | doi = 10.1016/0041-0101(81)90099-4 | bibcode = 1981Txcn...19..611Y }}</ref> The next year researchers published flow cytometric measurements of multiple algal species which could be distinguished based on their fluorescence characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Trask|first1=B. J.|last2=Engh|first2=G. J. van den|last3=Elgershuizen|first3=J. H. B. W.|date=1982|title=Analysis of phytoplankton by flow cytometry|journal=Cytometry|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=258–264|doi=10.1002/cyto.990020410|pmid=6799265|issn=1097-0320|doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1983, marine researchers were assembling their own flow cytometers<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Robert J.|last2=Frankel|first2=Sheila L.|last3=Chisholm|first3=Sallie W.|last4=Shapiro|first4=Howard M.|date=1983-04-08|title=An inexpensive flow cytometer for the analysis of fluorescence signals in phytoplankton: Chlorophyll and DNA distributions|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981%2883%2990155-7|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|language=en|volume=68|issue=2|pages=129–144|doi=10.1016/0022-0981(83)90155-7|bibcode=1983JEMBE..68..129O |issn=0022-0981|url-access=subscription}}</ref> or using commercially available flow cytometers on seawater samples collected off Bermuda to demonstrate that phytoplankton cells could be distinguished from non-living material and that cyanobacteria could be sorted from a mixed community and subsequently cultured in the lab.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Yentsch CM, Horan PK, Muirhead K, Dortch Q, Haugen E, Legendre L, Murphy LS, Perry MJ, Phinney DA, Pomponi SA, Spinrad RW | display-authors = 6 |date=1983|title=Flow cytometry and cell sorting: A technique for analysis and sorting of aquatic particles1 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography|language=en|volume=28|issue=6|pages=1275–1280|doi=10.4319/lo.1983.28.6.1275| bibcode = 1983LimOc..28.1275Y |issn=1939-5590|doi-access=free}}</ref> Flow cytometry also allowed marine researchers to distinguish between dimly-fluorescing ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'' and heterotrophic microorganisms, a distinction that is difficult with microscopy-based assessments.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Chisholm SW, Olson RJ, Zettler ER, Goericke R, Waterbury JB, Welschmeyer NA |date= July 1988 |title=A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone |journal=Nature |volume=334|issue=6180|pages=340–343|doi=10.1038/334340a0 |bibcode= 1988Natur.334..340C |s2cid= 4373102 }}</ref> Advances in technology now allow aquatic scientists to use flow cytometers continuously during research cruises<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Swalwell JE, Ribalet F, Armbrust EV |date=2011|title=SeaFlow: A novel underway flow-cytometer for continuous observations of phytoplankton in the ocean |journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|language=en|volume=9|issue=10|pages=466–477|doi=10.4319/lom.2011.9.466|issn=1541-5856|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011LimOM...9..466S }}</ref> and flow cytometers are used to provide images of individual phytoplankton cells.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Olson RJ, Sosik HM |date=2007|title=A submersible imaging-in-flow instrument to analyze nano-and microplankton: Imaging FlowCytobot |journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|language=en|volume=5|issue=6|pages=195–203|doi=10.4319/lom.2007.5.195 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2007LimOM...5..195O }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Jakobsen HH, Carstensen J |date=2011|title=FlowCAM: Sizing cells and understanding the impact of size distributions on biovolume of planktonic community structure |journal=Aquatic Microbial Ecology|language=en|volume=65|issue=1|pages=75–87|doi=10.3354/ame01539|issn=0948-3055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Marine scientists use the sorting ability of flow cytometers to make discrete measurements of cellular activity and diversity,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Longnecker K, Sherr BF, Sherr EB | title = Activity and phylogenetic diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content and electron transport system activity in an upwelling ecosystem | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 71 | issue = 12 | pages = 7737–49 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16332746 | pmc = 1317353 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.71.12.7737-7749.2005 | bibcode = 2005ApEnM..71.7737L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stepanauskas R, Sieracki ME | title = Matching phylogeny and metabolism in the uncultured marine bacteria, one cell at a time | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 21 | pages = 9052–7 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17502618 | pmc = 1885626 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0700496104 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..104.9052S | doi-access = free }}</ref> to conduct investigations into the mutualistic relationships between microorganisms that live in close proximity,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson AW, Foster RA, Krupke A, Carter BJ, Musat N, Vaulot D, Kuypers MM, Zehr JP | display-authors = 6 | title = Unicellular cyanobacterium symbiotic with a single-celled eukaryotic alga | journal = Science | volume = 337 | issue = 6101 | pages = 1546–50 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22997339 | doi = 10.1126/science.1222700 | bibcode = 2012Sci...337.1546T | s2cid = 7071725 }}</ref> and to measure biogeochemical rates of multiple processes in the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lomas|first1=Michael W.|last2=Bronk|first2=Deborah A.|last3=van den Engh|first3=Ger|date=2011-01-15|title=Use of Flow Cytometry to Measure Biogeochemical Rates and Processes in the Ocean|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142834|journal=Annual Review of Marine Science|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=537–566|doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142834|pmid=21329216|bibcode=2011ARMS....3..537L|issn=1941-1405|url-access=subscription}}</ref>