Editing Gender identity (section)

===Non-binary gender identities===
{{See also|Gender binary|Non-binary gender|Third gender}}
Some people, and some societies, do not construct gender as a [[gender binary|binary]] in which everyone is either a boy or a girl, or a man or a woman. Those who exist outside the binary fall under the umbrella terms ''[[non-binary gender|non-binary]]'' or ''genderqueer''. Some cultures have specific gender roles that are distinct from "man" and "woman." These are often referred to as ''[[third gender]]s''.

====Fa'afafine====
{{Main|Fa'afafine}}
In [[Samoan culture]], or [[Fa'asamoa|Faʻa Samoa]], [[fa'afafine]] are considered to be a third gender. They are anatomically male but dress and behave in a manner considered typically feminine. According to Tamasailau Sua'ali'i (''see references''), fa'afafine in [[Samoa]] at least are often physiologically unable to reproduce. Fa'afafine are accepted as a natural gender, and neither looked down upon nor discriminated against.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Sua'ali'i T | chapter = [[Samoa]]ns and Gender: Some Reflections on Male, Female and Fa'afafine Gender Identities |title=Tangata o te moana nui: the evolving identities of Pacific peoples in Aotearoa /New Zealand |date=2001 |publisher=Dunmore Press |location=Palmerston North, N.Z. |isbn=978-0-86469-369-3}}</ref> Fa'afafine also reinforce their femininity with the fact that they are only attracted to and receive sexual attention from straight masculine men. They have been and generally still are initially identified in terms of labour preferences, as they perform typically feminine household tasks.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Schmidt J |date=May 2003|title=Paradise Lost? Social Change and Fa'afafine in Samoa|journal=Current Sociology|volume=51|issue=3|pages=417–32|doi=10.1177/0011392103051003014|s2cid=145438114}}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of Samoa|Samoan Prime Minister]] is patron of the [[Samoa Fa'afafine Association]].<ref name="Stuff.co.nz_5233232">{{cite web|vauthors=Field M|date=5 July 2011|title=Transsexuals hailed by Samoan PM|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/5233232/Transsexuals-hailed-by-Samoan-PM|access-date=1 October 2011|website=[[Stuff.co.nz]]|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010060835/http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/5233232/Transsexuals-hailed-by-Samoan-PM|url-status=live}}</ref> Translated literally, fa'afafine means "in the manner of a woman."<ref name="pmid17951883">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vasey PL, Bartlett NH | title = What can the Samoan "Fa'afafine" teach us about the Western concept of gender identity disorder in childhood? | journal = Perspectives in Biology and Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 481–90 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17951883 | doi = 10.1353/pbm.2007.0056 | s2cid = 37437172 }}</ref>

====Hijras====
{{Main|Hijra (South Asia)}}

''Hijras'' are officially recognized as [[third gender]] in the Indian subcontinent,<ref>{{cite book |veditors=Shaw SM, Barbour NS, Duncan P, Freehling-Burton K, Nichols J |title=Women's Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia [4 volumes] |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-712-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgRCDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA87 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135849/https://books.google.com/books?id=jgRCDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA87 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bevan TE |title=Being Transgender: What You Should Know |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781440845253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMJHDQAAQBAJ&q=hijra%20third%20gender&pg=PA70 |page=70 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135853/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMJHDQAAQBAJ&q=hijra%20third%20gender&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Pasquesoone V|date=9 April 2014|url=http://mic.com/articles/87149/7-countries-giving-transgender-people-fundamental-rights-the-u-s-still-won-t|title=7 Countries Giving Transgender People Fundamental Rights the U.S. Still Won't|work=mic.com|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150303002515/http://mic.com/articles/87149/7-countries-giving-transgender-people-fundamental-rights-the-u-s-still-won-t|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://pandeia.eu/region/inter/hijras-and-bangladesh-the-creation-of-a-third-gender/ |title=Hijras and Bangladesh: The creation of a third gender|date=2 December 2013|work=pandeia.eu|access-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160705033013/http://pandeia.eu/region/inter/hijras-and-bangladesh-the-creation-of-a-third-gender/ |archive-date=5 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity, as suggested by the [[Kama Sutra]]. Many hijras live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a [[guru]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nanda S | title = The hijras of India: cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role | journal = Journal of Homosexuality | volume = 11 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 35–54 | date = 1985 | pmid = 4093603 | doi = 10.1300/J082v11n03_03 | author-link = Serena Nanda | quote = The most significant relationship in the hijra community is that of the ''guru'' (master, teacher) and ''chela'' (disciple). }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Cohen L |veditors=Abramson PR, Pinkerton SD |title=Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-00182-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yl7gQ18B93cC |chapter=The Pleasures of Castration: the postoperative status of hijras, jankhas and academics |quote=Hijras are organized into households with a hijra guru as head, into territories delimiting where each household can dance and demand money from merchants |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135854/https://books.google.com/books?id=yl7gQ18B93cC |url-status=live }}</ref> These communities have consisted over generations of those who are in abject poverty or who have been rejected by or fled their family of origin.<ref name = "Nanda_1999">{{cite book |vauthors=Nanda S |title=Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India |date=1999 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-534-50903-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1sbAAAAYAAJ&q=0534509037 |page=116 |quote=None of the hijra narratives I recorded supports the widespread belief in India that hijras recruit their membership by making successful claims on intersex infants. Instead, it appears that most hijras join the community in their youth, either out of a desire to more fully express their feminine gender identity, under the pressure of poverty, because of ill-treatment by parents and peers for feminine behavior, after a period of homosexual prostitution or for a combination of these reasons. |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135851/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1sbAAAAYAAJ&q=0534509037 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many work as [[prostitution|sex workers]] for survival.<ref name="Nanda_1996">{{cite book |vauthors=Nanda S |veditors=Herdt GH |title=Third sex, third gender: beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history |date=1996 |publisher=Zone Books |isbn=978-0-942299-82-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlI91F_FHSYC |chapter=Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311164833/https://books.google.com/books?id=dlI91F_FHSYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The word "hijra" is a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Reddy G |title=With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India |date=2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-70754-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyqTnL9jTFoC&q=Criminal%20Tribes%20Act&pg=PA26 |page=243 |quote=By and large, the Hindi/Urdu term ''hijra'' is used more often in the north of the country, whereas the Telugu term ''kojja'' is more specific to the state of Andhra Pradesh, of which Hyderabad is the capital. |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135854/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyqTnL9jTFoC&q=Criminal%20Tribes%20Act&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "[[hermaphrodite]]", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition".<ref name = "Nanda_1999" /> However, in general hijras are born male, only a few having been born with intersex variations.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Nanda S |veditors=Freilich M, Raybeck D, Savishinsky JS |title=Deviance: Anthropological Perspectives |date=1991 |publisher=Bergin & Garvey |isbn=978-0-89789-204-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0BE1WOXVD8C |chapter=chpt. 7. Deviant careers: the hijras of India |quote=Among thirty of my informants, only one appeared to have been born intersexed. |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135850/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0BE1WOXVD8C |url-status=live }}</ref> Some hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirvaan, which involves the [[Emasculation|removal of the penis, scrotum, and testicles]].<ref name="Nanda_1996" />

====Khanith====
{{Main|Khanith}}
The [[khanith]] form an accepted third gender in [[Oman]]. The khanith are [[male]] [[homosexual]] [[prostitute]]s whose dressing is male, featuring pastel colors (rather than white, worn by men), but their mannerisms are female. Khanith can mingle with women, and they often do at [[wedding]]s or other formal events. Khaniths have their own households, performing all tasks (both male and female). However, similar to men in their [[society]], khaniths can marry women, proving their [[masculinity]] by consummating the [[marriage]]. Should a [[divorce]] or death take place, these men can revert to their status as khaniths at the next wedding.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/paradoxesofgende00lorb/page/94/mode/2up |title=Paradoxes of Gender |vauthors=Lorber J |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06497-1 |pages=94–95 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

====Two-spirit identities====
{{Main|Two-Spirit}}
<!--section needs slight expansion-->
Many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous North American Nations]] had more than two gender roles. Those who belong to the additional gender categories, beyond [[cisgender]] man and woman, are now often collectively termed "two-spirit" or "two-spirited". There are parts of the community that take "two-spirit" as a category over an identity itself, preferring to identify with culture or Nation-specific gender terms.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hunt S |year=2016|title=An Introduction to the Health of Two-Spirit People: Historical, contemporary and emergent issues|url=http://www.nccah-ccnsa.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/156/2016-05-10-RPT-HealthTwoSpirit-Hunt-EN-Web.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=National Collaborative Centre Aboriginal Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004508/http://www.nccah-ccnsa.ca/Publications/Lists/Publications/Attachments/156/2016-05-10-RPT-HealthTwoSpirit-Hunt-EN-Web.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>