Editing Heat wave (section)

=== Wild animals on land ===
Researchers have predicted that roughly 10-40% of all land vertebrate species will be affected by heat waves by 2099, depending on the amount of future greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Gopal |last2=Iwamura |first2=Takuya |last3=Meiri |first3=Shai |last4=Roll |first4=Uri |date=March 2023 |title=Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05606-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=615 |issue=7952 |pages=461–467 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z |pmid=36653454 |bibcode=2023Natur.615..461M |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Heatwaves present an additional form of stress and [[evolutionary pressure]] for species that already deal with habitat loss and climate change.

Species have a thermal [[Shelford's law of tolerance|range of tolerance]] that describes the temperatures where they perform best. Temperature conditions that are outside of this range may experience decreased fitness and the inability to reproduce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physiological Optima and Critical Limits |work= Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/physiological-optima-and-critical-limits-45749376/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |publisher=Nature |last1=Miller|first1=N. A. |last2=Stillman|first2=J. H.  |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cullum |first=A. J. |title=Tolerance Range |date=2008-01-01 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition) |pages=640–646 |editor-last=Fath |editor-first=Brian |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444637680005564 |access-date=2024-04-26 |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-64130-4}}</ref> The species with sufficient genetic variation will be able to ensure some individuals can survive frequent days of high temperatures in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-19 |title=Extreme heat triggers mass die-offs and stress for wildlife in the West |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/extreme-heat-triggers-mass-die-offs-and-stress-for-wildlife-in-the-west |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Animals |language=en}}</ref>