Editing Jonestown (section)

==Aftermath==
{{Further|Peoples Temple in San Francisco}}
[[File:Jonestown Memorial Service Pictures.jpg|thumb|Pictures of those who died in Jonestown laid out at a 2011 memorial service.]]
[[File:Peoplestemplememorialgravesite.jpg|thumb|The grave site at [[Evergreen Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Evergreen Cemetery]] in Oakland, California, and the memorial plaques.]]
At Port Kaituma, Reiterman photographed the aftermath of the airstrip shootings.<ref name="raven568">{{Harvnb|Reiterman|Jacobs|1982|pp=568–570}}</ref> Dwyer assumed leadership at the scene and, at his recommendation, Larry Layton was arrested by Guyanese police.<ref name="raven534">{{Harvnb|Reiterman|Jacobs|1982|pp=534–538}}</ref> Dwyer had been grazed by a bullet in his buttock during the shootings.<ref name="raven534"/> It took several hours before the eleven wounded and others in their party gathered themselves together.<ref name="raven534"/> Most of them spent the night in the Port Kaituma café.<ref name="raven534"/> The more seriously wounded slept in a small tent at the airstrip.<ref name="raven534"/> A Guyanese government plane arrived the following morning to evacuate the wounded.<ref name="raven568"/>

Five teenage members of the Parks and Bogue families, with one boyfriend, followed the instructions of defector Gerald Parks to hide in the adjacent jungle until help arrived and their safety was assured.<ref name="raven567">{{Harvnb|Reiterman|Jacobs|1982|pp=566–567}}</ref> Thereafter, that group was lost for three days in the jungle and nearly died. One of them, Thom Bogue, had been wounded in the leg. Guyanese soldiers eventually rescued them.

After escaping Jonestown, Rhodes arrived in Port Kaituma on the night of November 18.<ref name="odellinquest"/> That night, Clayton stayed with a local Guyanese family and travelled to Port Kaituma the next morning.<ref name="claytoninquest"/> Prokes and the Carter brothers were put into protective custody in Port Kaituma; they were later released in Georgetown.<ref name="reit580"/> Rhodes, Clayton, Garry and Lane were also brought to Georgetown. Prokes died by suicide on March 14, 1979, during a press conference, four months after the Jonestown incident.<ref name="prokes">[http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=13683 "Statement of Michael Prokes."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207165457/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/PrimarySources/Prokes_statement.htm|date=7 December 2010}} ''Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple''. San Diego State University: Jonestown Project. Retrieved 22 September 2007.</ref>

914<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Jonathan Z|title=Imagining Religion From Babylon to Jonestown|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|year=1982|location=Chicago|pages=102–120}}</ref> of the 918 dead, including Jones himself, were collected by the U.S. military in Guyana, then transported by military cargo plane to [[Dover Air Force Base]] in [[Delaware]], a location that had been used previously for mass processing of the dead from the [[Tenerife airport disaster]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a115592.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608170611/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a115592.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=June 8, 2019|title=Emotional Effects on USAF Personnel of Recovering and Identifying Victims from Jonestown, Guyana|last1=Jones|first1=David R|last2=Fischer|first2=Joseph R|date=1 April 1982}}</ref><ref name=Tribune/> The last shipment of bodies arrived early on the morning of November 27. The base's [[mortuary]] was tasked with fingerprinting, identifying and processing the bodies.<ref name=Tribune>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/32199833/the_tampa_tribune/|title=Jonestown's Dead: Many Lost Identities Along With Lives|date=November 27, 1978|website=The Tampa Tribune|language=en|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 3, 2019|agency=AP}}</ref> The base's resources were overwhelmed, and numerous individuals tasked with moving or identifying the bodies suffered symptoms of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name=":0"/> In many cases, responsibility for [[cremation]] of the remains was distributed to Dover area funeral homes.

In August 2014, the never-claimed cremated remains of nine people from Jonestown were found in a former funeral home in Dover.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dh72SXgjWcU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170810143852/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dh72SXgjWcU Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|last=Associated Press|title=Jonestown Massacre Remains Discovered in Del.|website=[[YouTube]]|date=August 7, 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dh72SXgjWcU|access-date=June 3, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As of September 2014, four of their remains had been returned to next-of-kin, and the remaining five had not. Those five were publicly identified in the hope that family would claim their remains; all five remain unclaimed by family and have been interred at the Jonestown Memorial at Evergreen Cemetery in [[Oakland, California]], along with the remains of approximately half of those who perished on November 18, 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Officials-Release-Names-of-5-Jonestown-Massacre-Victims-Whose-Remains-Were-Found-in-Defunct-Delaware-Funeral-Home--275195291.html|title=5 Jonestown Massacre Victims Found in Del. ID'd|last=Chang|first=David|website=NBC 10 Philadelphia|date=September 15, 2014 |language=en|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref>

Larry Layton, who had fired a gun at several people aboard the Cessna, was initially found not guilty of attempted murder in a Guyanese court, employing the defense that he was "brainwashed."<ref name="laytonlife">Bishop, Katherine. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DE113DF937A35750C0A961948260 "1978 Cult Figure Gets Life Term in Congressman's Jungle Slaying."] ''The New York Times''. 4 March 1987.</ref> Acquittal in a Guyanese court did not free Layton, however, who was promptly [[deportation|deported]] back to the U.S. and arrested by the [[U.S. Marshals Service]] upon arrival in San Francisco. Layton could not be tried in the U.S. for the attempted murders of Gosney, Bagby, Dale Parks and the Cessna pilot on Guyanese soil and was, instead, tried under a federal statute against assassinating members of Congress and internationally protected people (Ryan and Dwyer).<ref name="laytonlife"/> He was convicted of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] and of [[aiding and abetting]] the murder of Ryan and of the attempted murder of Dwyer.<ref name="laytonlife"/> [[Parole]]d in 2002, Layton is the only person ever to have been held criminally responsible for the events at Jonestown.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=Loren |author-link=Loren Coleman |title=The Copycat Effect: How the Media and Popular Culture Trigger the Mayhem in Tomorrow's Headlines |title-link=The Copycat Effect|publisher=[[Paraview Pocket Books]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7434-8223-3 |language=en}}</ref>

The events at Jonestown were covered heavily by the media, and photographs pertaining to it adorned newspaper and magazine covers for months after its occurrence. The Peoples Temple was labeled a "cult of death" by both ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazines.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jorgensen|first1=Danny L|title=The Social Construction and Interpretation of Deviance: Jonestown and the Mass Media|journal=Deviant Behavior|date=April 1, 1980|volume=1|issue=3–4|pages=309–312|doi=10.1080/01639625.1980.9967531|issn=0163-9625}}</ref> In February 1979, 98% of Americans polled said that they had heard of the tragedy.<ref name="hall289">{{Harvnb|Hall|1987|p=289}}</ref> [[George Gallup]] stated that "few events, in fact, in the entire history of the Gallup Poll have been known to such a high percentage of the U.S. public."<ref name="hall289"/>

After the deaths, both the [[House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] and the State Department itself criticized the latter's handling of the Temple.<ref name="multiref1">{{Harvnb|Reiterman|Jacobs|1982|p=576}}</ref> Guyanese political opposition seized the opportunity to embarrass Burnham by establishing an [[inquest]] which concluded that the prime minister was responsible for the deaths at Jonestown.<ref name="multiref1"/>

The [[Cult Awareness Network]] (CAN), a group aimed at [[deprogramming]] members of cults, was formed soon after the deaths at Jonestown. The group, which included Ryan's daughter Patricia, was involved in various personal, social and legal battles with a range of religious organizations, from [[The Family International]] and [[Scientology]] to [[David Koresh]]'s [[Branch Davidians]], where they were found to be influential on law enforcement's concerns for children in the eventual [[Waco siege]] in 1993. After a slew of legal and fiscal issues, CAN went bankrupt in 1996.

In late February 1980, Al and [[Jeannie Mills]] (co-founders of the Concerned Relatives) and their daughter Daphene were shot and killed execution style in their [[Berkeley, California]], home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/32683055/mills_murder_part_1_of_2/|title=Hit Squad? Temple Defectors Slain|date=27 February 1980|website=The Press Democrat|page=1|language=en|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/clip/32683146/mills_murder_part_2_of_2/|title=Hit Squad? Temple Defectors Slain|date=February 27, 1980|website=The Press Democrat|page=12|language=en|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref> Eddie Mills, their son, was believed to be involved to the extent that he was arrested in 2005, but charges were not filed against him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2005/12/09/son-wont-be-charged-in-1980-slayings/|title=Son won't be charged in 1980 slayings|date=December 9, 2005|website=East Bay Times|language=en-US|access-date=June 10, 2019}}</ref> The case has not been solved. In 1984, former Temple member [[Tyrone Mitchell]], who had lost both of his parents and five siblings at Jonestown, fired upon students at a Los Angeles elementary school from his second-story window, killing two people and injuring twelve; Mitchell then turned his weapon on himself and committed suicide.<ref name=LATimes2>{{cite news|title='Almost Like a Guilt': Sniper Escaped Jonestown but Not Its Horror|date=February 25, 1984|first=Eric|last=Malnic|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=A1}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes>[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/25/us/girl-killed-11-shot-at-school-on-coast-suspect-found-dead.html Girl killed, 11 shot at school on coast; suspect found dead], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (25 February 1984)</ref>

The sheer scale of the event, as well as Jones' socialism, purported inconsistencies in the reported number of deaths, allegedly poor explanation of events related to said deaths and existence of classified documents<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Taylor|first2=Don|last2=Lattin|work=San Francisco Examiner|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1998/11/13/MN107219.DTL&hw=Most+Peoples+Temple+Documents+Still+Sealed&sn=002&sc=468|title=Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed|access-date=August 24, 2008 |date=November 13, 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025004946/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F1998%2F11%2F13%2FMN107219.DTL&hw=Most+Peoples+Temple+Documents+Still+Sealed&sn=002&sc=468|archive-date=25 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> led some conspiracy theorists to suggest [[Jonestown Conspiracy Theory|CIA involvement]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Meier|first=M|title=Was Jonestown a CIA Medical Experiment?: A Review of the Evidence|publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]]|year=1989|location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|isbn=978-0889460133}}</ref><ref name="reconstructing">Moore, Rebecca, [http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=16582 ''"Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628073014/http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=16582|date=28 June 2017}}, Journal of Popular Culture 36, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 200–220</ref><ref>''See'', ''e.g.'', Anderson, Jack, ''CIA Involved In Jonestown Massacre'', September 27, 1980</ref> including a Soviet-published book a decade later.<ref>''See'', ''e.g.'', Alinin, S.F., B.G. Antonov and A.N. Itskov, ''The Jonestown carnage{{snd}}a CIA crime'', Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1987</ref> The [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] investigated the event and announced that there was no evidence of CIA involvement at Jonestown.<ref name="Knight2003"/> Others suggested [[KGB]] involvement, beyond the attested visits of Soviet diplomatic personnel to Jonestown and the overtures made by Jim Jones to the USSR.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Krause|first1=Charles A.|last2=Rose|first2=Gregory|date=1979-02-01|title=Guyana Exploits KGB Tie to Jonestown|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/02/01/guyana-exploits-kgb-tie-to-jonestown/c1f28c13-f8be-4471-8db3-3dab6dc52f4f/|access-date=2021-08-23|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What The Military Didn't Do: Debunking One Conspiracy Theory – Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple|url=https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=30370|access-date=2021-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

The bodies of over 400 of those who died are buried in a mass grave at [[Evergreen Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Evergreen Cemetery]] in Oakland, California. In 2011, a memorial to them was erected at the cemetery.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Carolyn|date=May 29, 2011|title=Jonestown memorial unveiled after 32 years|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Jonestown-memorial-unveiled-after-32-years-2369376.php|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811150714/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Jonestown-memorial-unveiled-after-32-years-2369376.php|archive-date=11 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although Jones used poisoned Flavor Aid, the drink mix was also commonly (mistakenly) referred to as [[Kool-Aid]]. This has led to the phrase "[[drinking the Kool-Aid]]", referring to a person or group holding an unquestioned belief, argument, or philosophy without critical examination.<ref name="stop saying">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/11/stop-saying-drink-the-kool-aid/264957/|title=Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid'|last=Higgins|first=Chris|date=8 November 2012|website=The Atlantic|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528091602/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/11/stop-saying-drink-the-kool-aid/264957/|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Conspiracy theories===
According to religious studies scholar Rebecca Moore, "In the twenty-three years since the deaths in Jonestown, conspiracy theories have blossomed in number and sophistication."<ref name="Moore">{{cite web|last1=Moore|first1=Rebecca|title=Reconstructing Reality: Conspiracy Theories About Jonestown|url=https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=16582|website=Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple|publisher=Department of Religious Studies. [[San Diego State University]]|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

In 1979, Joseph Hollinger, a former aide to Ryan, claimed that Jonestown was a "mass mind control experiment" conducted by the CIA. A 1980 newspaper column by [[Jack Anderson (columnist)|Jack Anderson]] also claimed that the CIA was involved in the massacre, and speculated that Dwyer had ties to the agency.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Jack|title=Ryan's kin believe U.S. aware of Jonestown peril|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=COFLAAAAIBAJ&pg=5321%2C4212685|website=Google.com/newspapers|publisher=[[The Free Lance–Star]], Fredericksburg, Virginia|date=27 September 1980|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> In 1980, an investigation by the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] found no evidence of CIA activity in Jonestown.<ref name="Knight2003">{{cite book|author=Peter Knight|title=Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA379|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576078129|pages=379–}}</ref>

In 1987, ''The Jonestown Carnage: A CIA Crime (1978)'' (Russian: ''Гибель Джонстауна – преступление ЦРУ'') was published in the Soviet Union, claiming that group members were assassinated by CIA agents and mercenaries to prevent further political emigration from the U.S. as well as suppress opposition to the U.S. regime. Political scientist [[Janos Radvanyi]] cites the book as an example of Soviet [[active measures]] during the 1980s that "spread both [[disinformation]] stories and enemy propaganda against the United States," adding, "It's hard to imagine that anyone could believe so ridiculous a story."<ref name="Radvanyi1990">{{cite book|author=Janos Radvanyi|title=Psychological Operations and Political Warfare in Long-term Strategic Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUZJcDOUKtsC&pg=PA53|year=1990|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0275936235|pages=53–}}</ref>