Editing Life extension (section)

===Diets and supplements===
====Vitamins and antioxidants====
{{See also|Inflammaging|DNA damage theory of aging}}
The [[free-radical theory of aging]] suggests that [[antioxidant]] supplements might extend human life. Reviews, however, have found that use of vitamin A (as β-carotene) and vitamin E supplements possibly can increase mortality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C | title = Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 297 | issue = 8 | pages = 842–857 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17327526 | doi = 10.1001/jama.297.8.842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C | title = Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2012 | issue = 3 | pages = CD007176 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22419320 | pmc = 8407395 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10138/136201 }}</ref> Other reviews have found no relationship between vitamin E and other vitamins with mortality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jiang S, Pan Z, Li H, Li F, Song Y, Qiu Y | title = Meta-analysis: low-dose intake of vitamin E combined with other vitamins or minerals may decrease all-cause mortality | journal = Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 194–205 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25078376 | doi = 10.3177/jnsv.60.194 | quote = Neither vitamin E intake alone nor combined with other agents is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality. | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Vitamin D]] supplementation of various dosages is investigated in trials<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garay RP | title = Investigational drugs and nutrients for human longevity. Recent clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov and clinicaltrialsregister.eu | journal = Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 749–758 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34081543 | doi = 10.1080/13543784.2021.1939306 | s2cid = 235334397 }}</ref> and there also is research into GlyNAC {{see above|[[#GlyNAC|above]]}}.<ref name="Sekhar-2021"/>

====Complications====
Complications of antioxidant supplementation (especially continuous high dosages far above the [[Recommended Daily Allowance|RDA]]) include that [[reactive oxygen species]] (ROS), which are mitigated by antioxidants, "have been found to be physiologically vital for signal transduction, gene regulation, and redox regulation, among others, implying that their complete elimination would be harmful". In particular, one way of multiple they can be detrimental is by inhibiting adaptation to exercise such as [[muscle hypertrophy]] (e.g. during [[bodybuilding|dedicated periods]] of caloric surplus).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Damiano S, Muscariello E, La Rosa G, Di Maro M, Mondola P, Santillo M | title = Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Muscle Function: Can Antioxidant Dietary Supplements Counteract Age-Related Sarcopenia? | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 20 | issue = 15 | pages = E3815 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31387214 | pmc = 6696113 | doi = 10.3390/ijms20153815 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Badran A, Nasser SA, Mesmar J, El-Yazbi AF, Bitto A, Fardoun MM, Baydoun E, Eid AH | display-authors = 6 | title = Reactive Oxygen Species: Modulators of Phenotypic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 21 | issue = 22 | pages = 8764 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 33233489 | doi = 10.3390/ijms21228764 | pmc = 7699590 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sohal RS, Orr WC | title = The redox stress hypothesis of aging | journal = Free Radical Biology & Medicine | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = 539–555 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22080087 | pmc = 3267846 | doi = 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.445 }}</ref> There is also research into stimulating/activating/fueling endogenous antioxidant generation, in particular e.g. of neutraceutical glycine and pharmaceutical NAC.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ | title = Dietary Glycine Is Rate-Limiting for Glutathione Synthesis and May Have Broad Potential for Health Protection | journal = The Ochsner Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–87 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29559876 | pmc = 5855430 }}</ref> Antioxidants can change the oxidation status of different e.g. tissues, targets or sites each with potentially different implications, especially for different concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffiths HR | title = Antioxidants and protein oxidation | journal = Free Radical Research | volume = 33 | issue = Supplement | pages = S47–S58 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11191275 | url = https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/39762/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cobley JN | title = Mechanisms of Mitochondrial ROS Production in Assisted Reproduction: The Known, the Unknown, and the Intriguing | journal = Antioxidants | volume = 9 | issue = 10 | pages = 933 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 33003362 | pmc = 7599503 | doi = 10.3390/antiox9100933 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Nutritional Antioxidants: It Is Time to Categorise | journal = Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition | date = 2015 | pmid = 26065087 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26065087/ | publisher = CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | isbn = 9781466567573 | last1 = Bast | first1 = A. | author2 = Haenen GRMM | last3 = Lamprecht | first3 = M. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lobo |first1=V |last2=Patil |first2=A |last3=Phatak |first3=A |last4=Chandra |first4=N |date=2010 |title=Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health |journal=Pharmacognosy Reviews |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=118–126 |doi=10.4103/0973-7847.70902 |pmid=22228951 |pmc=3249911 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A review suggests [[mitochondria]] have a [[hormesis|hormetic]] response to ROS, whereby low oxidative damage can be beneficial.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hood WR, Zhang Y, Mowry AV, Hyatt HW, Kavazis AN | title = Life History Trade-offs within the Context of Mitochondrial Hormesis | journal = Integrative and Comparative Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 3 | pages = 567–577 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30011013 | pmc = 6145418 | doi = 10.1093/icb/icy073 }}</ref>

====Dietary restriction====
{{main|Diet and longevity}}
{{See also|Caloric restriction mimetic}}
As of 2021, there is no [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] that any dietary restriction practice contributes to human longevity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M |date=November 2021 |title=Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction |journal=Science |volume=374 |issue=6570 |pages=eabe7365 |doi=10.1126/science.abe7365 |pmc=8841109 |pmid=34793210}}</ref>

====Healthy diet====
Research suggests that increasing adherence to [[Mediterranean diet]] patterns is associated with a reduction in total and cause-specific mortality, extending health- and lifespan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dominguez LJ, Di Bella G, Veronese N, Barbagallo M | title = Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Longevity | journal = Nutrients | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 2028 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 34204683 | doi = 10.3390/nu13062028 | pmc = 8231595 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eleftheriou D, Benetou V, Trichopoulou A, La Vecchia C, Bamia C | title = Mediterranean diet and its components in relation to all-cause mortality: meta-analysis | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 120 | issue = 10 | pages = 1081–1097 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30401007 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114518002593 | s2cid = 53226475 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2434/612956 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ekmekcioglu C | title = Nutrition and longevity - From mechanisms to uncertainties | journal = Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition | volume = 60 | issue = 18 | pages = 3063–3082 | date = 2020 | pmid = 31631676 | doi = 10.1080/10408398.2019.1676698 | s2cid = 204815279 }}</ref><ref name="niha"/> Research is identifying the key beneficial components of the Mediterranean diet.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hidalgo-Mora JJ, García-Vigara A, Sánchez-Sánchez ML, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín J, Cano A | title = The Mediterranean diet: A historical perspective on food for health | language = English | journal = Maturitas | volume = 132 | pages = 65–69 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 31883665 | doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.12.002 | s2cid = 209510802 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vasto S, Barera A, Rizzo C, Di Carlo M, Caruso C, Panotopoulos G | title = Mediterranean diet and longevity: an example of nutraceuticals? | journal = Current Vascular Pharmacology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 735–738 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24350926 | doi = 10.2174/1570161111666131219111818 }}</ref> Studies suggest dietary changes are a factor of [[List of countries by life expectancy|national]] relative rises in life-span.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsugane S | title = Why has Japan become the world's most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective | journal = European Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 921–928 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 32661353 | pmc = 8189904 | doi = 10.1038/s41430-020-0677-5 }}</ref>

====Optimal diet====
{{See also|Sustainable consumption#Sustainable food consumption}}
Approaches to develop optimal diets for health- and lifespan (or "longevity diets")<ref name="Longo-2022"/> include:
* modifying the Mediterranean diet as the baseline via [[nutrition science]]. For instance, via:
**(additional) increase in [[plant-based diet|plant-based]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mariotti F, Gardner CD | title = Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets-A Review | journal = Nutrients | volume = 11 | issue = 11 | pages = 2661 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31690027 | pmc = 6893534 | doi = 10.3390/nu11112661 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Longo-2022"/> foods alongside additional restriction of [[Meat#Health|meat intake]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fong BY, Chiu WK, Chan WF, Lam TY | title = A Review Study of a Green Diet and Healthy Ageing | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 18 | issue = 15 | pages = 8024 | date = July 2021 | pmid = 34360317 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph18158024 | pmc = 8345706 | doi-access = free }}</ref> – [[Environmental impact of meat production#Meat reduction and health|meat reduction is (or can be) typically healthy]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parlasca MC, Qaim M |title=Meat Consumption and Sustainability |journal=Annual Review of Resource Economics |date=5 October 2022 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–41 |doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 |issn=1941-1340|doi-access=free }}</ref>
**keeping alcohol consumption of any type at a minimum – conventional Mediterranean diets include alcohol consumption (i.e. [[Health effects of wine#Moderate consumption|of wine]]), which is under research due to [[long-term impact of alcohol on the brain|data suggesting negative long-term brain impacts]] even at low/moderate consumption levels.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 | journal = Lancet | volume = 392 | issue = 10152 | pages = 1015–1035 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30146330 | pmc = 6148333 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 | last1 = Griswold | first1 = Max G. | last2 = Fullman | first2 = Nancy | last3 = Hawley | first3 = Caitlin | last4 = Arian | first4 = Nicholas | last5 = Zimsen | first5 = Stephanie R M. | last6 = Tymeson | first6 = Hayley D. | last7 = Venkateswaran | first7 = Vidhya | last8 = Tapp | first8 = Austin Douglas | last9 = Forouzanfar | first9 = Mohammad H. | last10 = Salama | first10 = Joseph S. | last11 = Abate | first11 = Kalkidan Hassen | last12 = Abate | first12 = Degu | last13 = Abay | first13 = Solomon M. | last14 = Abbafati | first14 = Cristiana | last15 = Abdulkader | first15 = Rizwan Suliankatchi | last16 = Abebe | first16 = Zegeye | last17 = Aboyans | first17 = Victor | last18 = Abrar | first18 = Mohammed Mehdi | last19 = Acharya | first19 = Pawan | last20 = Adetokunboh | first20 = Olatunji O. | last21 = Adhikari | first21 = Tara Ballav | last22 = Adsuar | first22 = Jose C. | last23 = Afarideh | first23 = Mohsen | last24 = Agardh | first24 = Emilie Elisabet | last25 = Agarwal | first25 = Gina | last26 = Aghayan | first26 = Sargis Aghasi | last27 = Agrawal | first27 = Sutapa | last28 = Ahmed | first28 = Muktar Beshir | last29 = Akibu | first29 = Mohammed | last30 = Akinyemiju | first30 = Tomi | display-authors = 1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Facts about moderate drinking {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/moderate-drinking.htm |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us |date=19 April 2022}}</ref> 
**fully replacing refined grains – some guidelines of Mediterranean diets do not clarify or include the principle of [[whole-grain]] consumption instead of refined grains. Whole grains are included in Mediterranean diets.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A | title = The Mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 128 | issue = 3 | pages = 229–238 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25447615 | pmc = 4339461 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ventriglio A, Sancassiani F, Contu MP, Latorre M, Di Slavatore M, Fornaro M, Bhugra D | title = Mediterranean Diet and its Benefits on Health and Mental Health: A Literature Review | journal = Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health | volume = 16 | issue = Suppl-1 | pages = 156–164 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33029192 | pmc = 7536728 | doi = 10.2174/1745017902016010156 }}</ref>