Editing Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (section)

===MMPI-2===
The MMPI-2 is currently available in 27 different languages,<ref>{{cite web|title=Available Translations — University of Minnesota Press|url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/translations-permissions/available-translations|website=upress.umn.edu|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> including:
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Bulgarian
* Chinese
* Croatian
* Czech 
* Danish
* Dutch/Flemish
* French
* Canada (Canadian French & English)
* German
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Hmong
* Hungarian
* Italian
* Japanese
* Korean
* Norwegian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Slovak
* Spanish for Mexico & Central America
* Spanish for Spain, South America & Central America
* Spanish for the US
* Swedish
* Ukrainian
{{Div col end}}

==== MMPI-2 in Chinese ====
The Chinese MMPI-2 was developed by [[Fanny M. Cheung]], Weizhen Song, and Jianxin Zhang for Hong Kong and adapted for use in the mainland.<ref name=":2" /> The Chinese MMPI was used as a base instrument from which some items, that were the same in the MMPI-2, were retained. New items on the Chinese MMPI-2 underwent translation from English to Chinese and then back translation from Chinese to English to establish uniformity of the items and their content. The psychometrics are robust with the Chinese MMPI-2 having high reliability (a measure of whether the results of the scale are consistent). Reliability coefficients were found to be over 0.8 for the test in Hong Kong and were between 0.58 and 0.91 across scales for the mainland. In addition, the correlation of the Chinese MMPI-2 and the English MMPI-2 was found to average 0.64 for the clinical scales and 0.68 for the content scales indicating that the Chinese MMPI-2 is an effective tool of personality assessment.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author1=Cheung|author2=Song|author3=Zhang|editor1-last=Butcher|editor1-first=J|title=International Adaptations of the MMPI – 2: Research and Clinical Applications|date=1996|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|pages=137–161|chapter=The Chinese MMPI – 2: Research and Applications in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cheung|first1=F|last2=Leong|first2=F|last3=Ben-Porath|first3=Y|title=Psychological Assessment in Asia: Introduction to the Special Section.|journal=Psychological Assessment|date=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=243–247|doi=10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.243|pmid=14593824}}</ref>

==== MMPI-2 in Korean ====
The Korean MMPI-2 was initially translated by Kyunghee Han through a process of multiple rounds of translation (English to Korean) and back-translation (Korean to English), and it was tested in a sample of 726 Korean college students.<ref>{{cite book|title=The use of the M MPI-2 in Korea: Inventory adaptation, equivalence evaluation, and initial validation|date=1993|publisher=University Microfilms International|last1=Han|first1=K}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=International Adaptations of the MMPI – 2: Research and Clinical Applications|date=1996|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|pages=88–136|chapter=The Korean MMPI-2.|author1=Han|editor1-last=Butcher|editor1-first=JAmes}}</ref> In general, the [[Test-retest reliability|test-retest]] reliabilities in the Korean sample were comparable to those in the American sample. For both culture samples, the median test-retest reliabilities were found to be higher for females than for males: 0.75 for Korean males and 0.78 for American males, whereas it was 0.85 for Korean females and 0.81 for American females. After retranslating and revising the items with minor translation accuracy problems, the final version of the Korean MMPI-2 was published in 2005.<ref>Kim, J., Han, K., Lim, J., Lee, J., Min, B., & Moon, K. (2005). ''Korean MMPI-2 user manual''. Seoul, Korea: Maumsarang.</ref> The published Korean MMPI-2 was standardized using a Korean adult normative sample, whose demographics were similar to the 2000 Korean Census data. Compared to the U. S. norm, scale means of Korean norm were significantly elevated; however, the [[Reliability (statistics)|reliabilities]] and [[Validity (statistics)|validity]] of the Korean MMPI-2 were still found to be comparable with the English MMPI-2. The Korean MMPI-2 was further validated by using a Korean psychiatric sample from inpatient and outpatient facilities of Samsung National Hospital in [[Seoul]]. The [[internal consistency]] of the MMPI-2 scales for the psychiatric sample was comparable to the results obtained from the normative samples.  Robust validity of the Korean MMPI-2 scales was evidenced by correlations with the [[Symptom Checklist 90|SCL-90-R]] scales, behavioral correlates, and therapist ratings.<ref>Han, K., Moon, K., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2011). ''Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Manual''. Revised Edition. Seoul, Korea: Maumsarang.</ref> The Korean MMPI-2 RF was published in 2011 and it was standardized using the Korean MMPI-2 normative sample with minor modifications.<ref>Han, K., Moon, K., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2011).  ''Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form Manual.'' Seoul, Korea: Maumsarang.</ref>

==== MMPI-2 in Hmong ====
The MMPI-2 was translated into the Hmong language by Deinard, Butcher, Thao, Vang and Hang. The items for the Hmong-language MMPI-2 were obtained by translation and back-translation from the English version. After linguistic evaluation to ensure that the Hmong-language MMPI-2 was equivalent to the English MMPI-2, studies to assess whether the scales meant and measured the same concepts across the different languages. It was found that the findings from both the Hmong-language and English MMPI-2 were equivalent, indicating that the results obtained for a person tested with either version were very similar.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Deinard|author2=Butcher|author3=Thao|author4=Vang|author5=Hang|editor1-last=Butcher|editor1-first=James|title=International Adaptations of the MMPI – 2: Research and Clinical Applications|date=1996|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|pages=194–205|chapter=Development of a Hmong translation of the MMPI-2.}}</ref>