Editing Mirror test (section)

=== Animals that may pass ===

==== Mammals ====

===== Primates =====
[[Gibbon]] (g. ''Hylobates'', ''Symphalangus'' and ''Nomascus'') have failed to show self-recognition in at least two tests.<ref name="Suddendorf">{{cite journal |last1=Suddendorf |first1=Thomas |last2=Collier-Baker |first2=Emma |title=The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 May 2009 |volume=276 |issue=1662 |pages=1671–1677 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1754 |pmid=19324830 |pmc=2660989 }}</ref><ref name="Hyatt1998">{{cite journal| author=Hyatt, C.W. |year=1998 |title=Responses of gibbons (''Hylobates lar'') to their mirror images |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=307–311 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<307::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-# |pmid=9651653|s2cid=196596255 }}</ref> However, modified mirror tests with three species of [[gibbon]]s (''Hylobates syndactylus'', ''H. gabriellae'', ''H. leucogenys'') in 2000 showed convincing evidence of self-recognition even though the animals failed the standard version of the mirror test.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ujhelyi |first1=M. |last2=Merker |first2=B. |last3=Buk |first3=P. |last4=Geissmann|first4=T.|year=2000|title=Observations on the behavior of gibbons (''Hylobates leucogenys'', ''H. gabriellae'', and ''H. lar'') in the presence of mirrors |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253 |pmid=10994841 |s2cid=7350911}}</ref> Another study published in 2009 documents 12 cases of spontaneous self-recognition in front of the mirror by a pair of [[siamang]]s (Symphalangus syndactylus).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heschl |first1=Adolf |last2=Fuchsbichler |first2=Conny |title=Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) Recognize their Mirror Image |journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology |date=2009 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=221–233|doi=10.46867/IJCP.2009.22.04.03 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Capuchin monkey]] (''Cebus apella'') did not pass in one test<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roma |first1=P. |last2=Silberberg |first2=A. |last3=Huntsberry |first3=M. |last4=Christensen |first4=C. |last5=Ruggiero |first5=A |last6=Suomi |first6=S. |year=2007 |title=Mark tests for mirror self-recognition in Capuchin monkeys (''Cebus apella'') trained to touch marks |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=989–1000 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20404 |pmid=17253635 |s2cid=41302656}}</ref> but recognized the reflection as special in another.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Waal |first=Frans D. B. |date=July 29, 2005 |title=The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger |journal=Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=32 |pages=11140–11147 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503935102 |doi-access=free |pmid=16055557 |pmc=1183568 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10211140D }}</ref>

[[Rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'') Though macaques failed the original mark test,<ref name="Gallup" /> they have been reported to exhibit other behaviours that indicate self-recognition.<ref name="Lauwereyns">{{cite journal |last1=Rajala |first1=A.Z. |last2=Reininger |first2=K.R. |last3=Lancaster |first3=K.M. |last4=Populin |first4=L.C. |year=2010 |title=Rhesus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=e12865 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...512865R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012865 |pmc=2947497 |pmid=20927365 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rhesus macaques have been observed to use mirrors to study otherwise-hidden parts of their bodies, such as their genitals and implants in their heads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pebsworth |first=Paula |date=October 24, 2023 |title=International Primatology Lecture 23 - Dr. Paula Pebsworth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_hMb-aNd4Q&t=2590s |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=YouTube: Kyoto University's Center for International Collaboration and Advanced Studies in Primatology}}</ref> It has been suggested this demonstrates at least a partial self-awareness, although further study is needed.<ref name="Wired">{{cite news |author=Brandon, K. |date=29 September 2010 |title=Monkeys see selves in mirror, open a barrel of questions |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/monkey-self-awareness/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114144225/https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/monkey-self-awareness/ |archive-date=January 14, 2011 |access-date=1 October 2010 |magazine=Wired}}</ref>

===== Pigs =====
[[Pig]]s can use visual information seen in a mirror to find food. In a 2009 experiment, seven of the eight pigs who spent 5 hours with a mirror were able to find a bowl of food hidden behind a wall and revealed using a mirror. Pigs that had no experience with mirrors, looked behind the mirror for the food.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Broom|first1=D. M. |last2=Sena|first2=H. |last3=Moynihan|first3=K. L. |year=2009|title=Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=78|issue=5|pages=1037–1041|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.027|s2cid=53175225}}</ref> [[BBC Earth]] also showed the food bowl test,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smart Pigs vs Kids &#124; Extraordinary Animals |last= BBC Earth|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mza1EQ6aLdg|via=YouTube |date=Feb 19, 2014}}</ref> and the "matching shapes to holes" test, in the ''Extraordinary Animals'' series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are Pigs Self-Aware?&#124; The Private Life of Pigs &#124; Real Wild|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqD3FkDgGYk|via=YouTube}}</ref>

There is evidence of self-recognition when presented with their reflections. So far, pigs have not been observed to pass the mirror mark test, however.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mypigfilledlife.org/adopt/f/did-you-know-pigs-are-self-aware | title=Did you know? Pigs are self aware! }}</ref>

==== Birds ====
[[Adelie penguins]] do not react as if they would react to a wild bird, and when presented with a mirror, gestured as if they recognized themselves. However, they were not bothered enough by marks on their face to notice. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://phys.org/news/2022-12-mirror-wild-penguins-self-awareness.html | title=Mirror test of wild penguins suggests they may possess self-awareness }}</ref>

==== Fish ====
Two captive [[giant manta rays]] showed frequent, unusual and repetitive movements in front of a mirror, suggesting contingency checking. They also showed unusual self-directed behaviors when exposed to the mirror.<ref name="Ari">{{cite journal |last1=Ari |first1=C. |last2=D'Agostino|first2=D.P. |year=2016 |title=Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?|journal=Journal of Ethology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=167–174|doi=10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z|s2cid=18628472}}</ref> Manta rays have the largest brains of all fish. In 2016, Csilla Ari tested captive manta rays at the Atlantis Aquarium in the Bahamas by exposing them to a mirror. The manta rays appeared to be extremely interested in the mirror. They behaved strangely in front the mirror, including doing flips and moving their fins. They also blew bubbles. They did not interact with the reflection as if it were another manta ray; they did not try to socialize with it. However, only an actual mirror test can determine if they actually recognize their own reflections, or if they are just demonstrating exploratory behavior. A classic mirror test has yet to be done on manta rays.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Amanda Pachniewska|date=April 15, 2015|title=List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test|url=http://www.animalcognition.org/2015/04/15/list-of-animals-that-have-passed-the-mirror-test/|website=Animal Cognition}}</ref>

Another fish that may pass the mirror test is the common archerfish, ''[[Toxotes chatareus]]''. A study in 2016 showed that archerfish can discriminate between human faces. Researchers showed this by testing the archerfish, which spit a stream of water at an image of a face when they recognized it. The archerfish would be trained to expect food when it spat at a certain image. When the archerfish was shown images of other human faces, the fish did not spit. They only spit for the image that they recognized.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/srep27523|pmid = 27272551|title = Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (''Toxotes chatareus'')|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 6|pages = 27523|year = 2016|last1 = Newport|first1 = Cait|last2 = Wallis|first2 = Guy|last3 = Reshitnyk|first3 = Yarema|last4 = Siebeck|first4 = Ulrike E.|bibcode = 2016NatSR...627523N|pmc = 4895153}}</ref> Archerfish normally, in the wild, use their spitting streams to knock down prey from above into the water below. The study showed that archerfish could be trained to recognize a three-dimensional image of one face compared to an image of a different face and would spit at the face when they recognized it. The archerfish were even able to continue recognizing the image of the face even when it was rotated 30, 60 and 90°.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/10/archerfish-animal-cognition-intelligence-human-faces-news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101184156/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/10/archerfish-animal-cognition-intelligence-human-faces-news/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2018|title=Water-spitting fish can identify and remember human faces|first=Jason|last=Bittel|date=18 October 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>