Editing Persian language (section)

===Influences===
{{See also|List of English words of Persian origin|List of French loanwords in Persian|Iranian languages#Comparison table}}

While having a lesser influence from [[Arabic]]<ref name="Nushin Namazi"/> and other languages of [[Mesopotamia]] and its core vocabulary being of [[Middle Persian]] origin,<ref name="Richard Davis 2006. pp. 602-603"/> New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items,<ref name="Lazard"/><ref name="Lazard, Gilbert 1971"/><ref name="Classe 2000 1057"/> which were Persianized<ref name=lambtonexcerpt/> and often took a different meaning and usage than the [[Arabic]] original. Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include [[Islam]]ic terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself.<ref>John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, ''Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic'', Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"</ref>

[[John R. Perry (orientalist)|John R. Perry]], in his article "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic", estimates that about 20 percent of everyday vocabulary in current Persian, and around 25 percent of the vocabulary of classical and modern Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature.<ref name="Perry">John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, ''Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic'', Routledge, 2005. p.97</ref> According to another source, about 40% of everyday Persian literary vocabulary is of Arabic origin.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idoVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |last=Owens |first=Jonathan |date=2013 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-976413-6 |pages=352 |language=en}}</ref> Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life.{{sfn|Perry|2005|p=99}} Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms or could be glossed in Persian.{{sfn|Perry|2005|p=99}}

The inclusion of [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned,<ref>e.g. The role of Azeri–Turkish in Iranian Persian, on which see John Perry, "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran", ''Iran & the Caucasus'', Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 193–200.</ref> not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.).<ref>Xavier Planhol, "Land of Iran", ''Encyclopedia Iranica''. "The Turks, on the other hand, posed a formidable threat: their penetration into Iranian lands was considerable, to such an extent that vast regions adapted their language. This process was all the more remarkable since, in spite of their almost uninterrupted political domination for nearly 1,500 years, the cultural influence of these rough nomads on Iran's refined civilization remained extremely tenuous. This is demonstrated by the mediocre linguistic contribution, for which exhaustive statistical studies have been made (Doerfer). The number of Turkish or Mongol words that entered Persian, though not negligible, remained limited to 2,135, i.e., 3 percent of the vocabulary at the most. These new words are confined on the one hand to the military and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) and, on the other hand, to technical pastoral terms. The contrast with Arab influence is striking. While cultural pressure of the Arabs on Iran had been intense, they in no way infringed upon the entire Iranian territory, whereas with the Turks, whose contributions to Iranian civilization were modest, vast regions of Iranian lands were assimilated, notwithstanding the fact that resistance by the latter was ultimately victorious. Several reasons may be offered."</ref> New military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g. {{lang|fa|ارتش}} {{Transliteration|fa|arteš}} for "army", instead of the Uzbek {{lang|fa|قؤشین}} {{Transliteration|fa|qoʻshin}}; {{lang|fa|سرلشکر}} {{Transliteration|fa|sarlaškar}}; {{lang|fa|دریابان}} {{Transliteration|fa|daryābān}}; etc.) in the 20th century. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other [[Indo-European languages]] such as [[Armenian language|Armenian]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv |title=ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117011150/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv |url-status=live}}</ref> Urdu, Bengali, and Hindi; the latter three through conquests of Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan invaders;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18 |title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny |access-date=23 April 2015 |isbn=9781441151278 |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |last2=Ramsey |first2=Charles M. |date=March 2012 |publisher=A&C Black |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310172351/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&q=ghaznavids+brought+persian+to+south+asia&pg=PA18 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Turkic languages]] such as [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]],<ref>[http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Persian/persianloanwordsistanbulturkish.pdf Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125–168.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911213846/http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Persian/persianloanwordsistanbulturkish.pdf |date=11 September 2007}} (accessed August 2016)</ref> [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]],<ref>L. Johanson, "Azerbaijan: Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish" in [[Encyclopedia Iranica]] {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20090412050047/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f2/v3f2a088.html Iranica.com]}}</ref> [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], and [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]];<ref name="Compendium of the World Languages">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |title=Compendium of the World Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |author1=George L. Campbell |author2=Gareth King |isbn=978-1-136-25846-6 |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927194246/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]] such as [[Georgian language|Georgian]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v- |title=Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts With Iranian Languages |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318211801/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-v- |url-status=live}}</ref> and, to a lesser extent, [[Avar language|Avar]] and [[Lezgin language|Lezgin]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan |title=DAGESTAN |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429175746/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan |url-status=live}}</ref> Afro-Asiatic languages like [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] ([[List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]) and [[Arabic]], particularly [[Bahrani Arabic]];<ref name=Holes2001/><ref>{{cite web |author=Pasad |url=http://www.bashgah.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=23845 |title=Bashgah.net |publisher=Bashgah.net |access-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723023057/http://www.bashgah.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=23845 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and even [[Dravidian languages]] indirectly especially [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Brahui language|Brahui]]; as well as [[Austronesian languages]] such as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] [[Malay language|Malay]].<!--Indonesian is within the Malay family as defined by Nothofer, Bernd (2009). "Malay". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World p. 678--> Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]], particularly as spoken in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].

Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, in Iranian colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase "thank you" may be expressed using the French word {{lang|fa|مرسی}} {{lang|fr-IR|merci}} (stressed, however, on the first syllable), the hybrid Persian-Arabic phrase {{lang|fa|متشکّرَم}} {{Transliteration|fa|motešakkeram}} ({{lang|ar|متشکّر}} {{Transliteration|ar|motešakker}} being "thankful" in Arabic, commonly pronounced {{Transliteration|fa|moččakker}} in Persian, and the verb {{lang|fa|ـَم}} ''am'' meaning "I am" in Persian), or by the pure Persian phrase {{lang|fa|سپاسگزارم}} {{Transliteration|fa|sepās-gozāram}}.