Editing Science and technology in China (section)

=== Electronics and information technology ===
{{see also|Electronics industry in China|Telecommunications industry in China|Internet in China|Software industry in China}}
In 2009 China manufactured 48.3% of the world's televisions, 49.9% of mobile phones, 60.9% of personal computers and 75% of LCD monitors. Indigenously made electronic components have become an important source of recent growth.

==== Artificial intelligence ====
On 8 July 2017, the Chinese State Council announced plans to turn China into the world leader in [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence (AI)]] by 2030, seeking to make the industry worth 1 trillion yuan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/21/china-ai-world-leader-by-2030.html|title=China wants to be a $150 billion world leader in AI by 2030|last1=Kharpal|first1=Arjun|website=[[CNBC]] |date=2017-07-21|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref> The State Council published a three-step [[Technology roadmap|road map]] to that effect in which it outlined how it expects AI to be developed and deployed across a wide number of industries and sectors, such as in areas from the military to city planning.<ref name=":1" /> According to the road map, China plans to catch up to current AI world leaders' technological abilities by 2020, make major breakthroughs by 2025 and be the world leader in 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2103568/world-dominance-three-steps-china-sets-out-road-map-lead-artificial|title=China sets out road map to lead world in artificial intelligence by 2030|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=2017-07-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2017-07-21/101119663.html|title=China Outlines Ambitions to Become World Leader in AI by 2025 - Caixin Global|website=Caixin Global|language=en|access-date=2017-07-24}}</ref>

==== Drones and robotics ====
China is the leader in [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] technology, it is the first country in the world to create large scale transport drones, as well as the first to produce an amphibious drone. Chinese drone companies such as [[DJI (company)|DJI]] and [[Ehang UAV|Ehang (Beijing Yi-Hang Creation Science & Technology)]] conquered majority of the civilian drone industry, with DJI alone dominating 85% of the global market share. Ehang also created the world's first ''flying taxi'' drone, [[Ehang UAV|Ehang 184]], an [[Environmentally friendly|eco-friendly]] low altitude [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|autonomous aerial vehicle]] capable of providing transportation and medium distance communication.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/china-s-drone-makers-teach-chinese-brands/308870/|title=What China's Drone Makers Could Teach Other Chinese Brands|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/Startup_and_IT/30327383|title=Chinese engineers make plane into first large delivery drone - The Nation|work=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thedronegirl.com/2017/02/26/dji-yuneec-autel-mota/|title=DJI is dominating the consumer drone industry, so which companies are left? - The Drone Girl|date=26 February 2017|work=The Drone Girl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbn.co.za/component/k2/first-city-in-the-world-to-have-flying-taxis-the-future-is-here|title=First city in the world to have flying taxis; the future is here - Cape Business News|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/27/technology/china-amphibious-drone/index.html|title=This Chinese drone can take off and land on water|last1=Pham|first1=Sherisse|work=CNNMoney}}</ref>

In some regions, such as the [[Pearl River Delta]], manufacturers have problems with labor shortages, raising wages, and higher expectations regarding work from more highly educated young people. This has increased the demand for [[industrial robot]]s. As of 2017, China is the largest user and producer of [[robotics]] technology, as well as the first country in the world to perform an [[Automation|automated]] [[dental implant]]. It is the largest and fastest-growing robotics market in the world, and plans to manufacture at least 100,000 industrial robots annually by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/weekly/2011-12/30/content_14354888.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109013847/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/weekly/2011-12/30/content_14354888.htm | date = 30 December 2011 | archive-date= 9 January 2012 | title= A message from robots: it's our turn | work = China Daily  | author1= Edward Tse | author2= Matthias Hendrichs | url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4952886/china-world-first-dental-surgery-robot-implant/|title=Chinese Robot Installed Dental Implant Without Human Help|last1=Lui|first1=Kevin|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/06/chinas-blueprint-to-crush-the-us-robotics-industry.html|title=China's blueprint to crush the US robotics industry|first=Andrew |last=Zaleski|date=6 September 2017|work=CNBC}}</ref>

==== Software industry ====
The Chinese software industry in 2010 had a higher than 15% share of the world's software and information service market and had been growing by an average 36% each year during the previous decade. Chinese IT companies have been moving away from narrow downstream services and products to having a full range. China, with the active support of the Chinese government, is a leading pioneer in [[Internet of Things]] technology.<ref name="IT">[http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2562864021.html#b] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326004219/http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2562864021.html|date=2012-03-26}}</ref>

According to the [[China Internet Network Information Center]] there were 751 million [[internet]] users as of 2017, with 53.2% of the population being internet users. The number of mobile internet users reached 724 million, with high penetration rates for [[mobile phone]]s and [[Internet access|broadband internet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=China's audacious and inventive new generation of entrepreneurs|url=https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21729429-industries-and-consumers-around-world-will-soon-feel-their-impact-chinas-audacious-and|newspaper=The Economist|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese apps dominate most-used Android app rankings|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinese-apps-dominate-most-used-android-app-rankings|work=The Straits Times|date=21 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> By 2017, China has the largest [[e-commerce]] market in the world, worth US$1.132 trillion, with a significant lead on other markets and almost tripling US market, the second largest.<ref>{{cite news|title=China's ecommerce market to pass $1.1tn in 2017|url=http://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/07/05/china-s-ecommerce-market-pass-11tn-2017|work=The Drum|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, there were more than 1.36 billion mobile subscribers in China, with the number of [[Landline|fixed line subscriptions]] hitting 310 million. The number of [[4G]] users increased significantly, hitting 932 million by August 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=China: mobile users 2017 {{!}} Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/278204/china-mobile-users-by-month/|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China 4G subscriber base hits 932M - Mobile World Live|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/featured-content/top-three/china-4g-user-base-hits-927m/|work=Mobile World Live|date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China's Fixed-line Broadband Penetration Rate To Hit 63% This Year – China Money Network|url=https://www.chinamoneynetwork.com/2017/04/27/chinas-fixed-line-broadband-penetration-rate-to-hit-63-this-year|work=www.chinamoneynetwork.com}}</ref> By 2020, China plans to adopt [[5G]] network nationwide. State-owned [[China Telecom]] has already deployed 5G-oriented C-RAN fronthaul network, unveiling that it will be conducting commercial trials of 5G technology in 2019 and carry out network field trials in six Chinese cities in the latest sign of China's determination to lead the global deployment of the next-generation mobile technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/chinas-advanced-5g-network-set-adoption-2020/|title=China's advanced 5G network set for adoption in 2020|date=August 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniels|first1=Guy|title=China Telecom deploys 5G-oriented C-RAN fronthaul network|url=http://www.telecomtv.com/articles/5g/china-telecom-deploys-5g-oriented-c-ran-fronthaul-network-15974/|work=TelecomTV|date=22 September 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China Telecom Plans Commercial 5G Trials in 2019 {{!}} Light Reading|url=http://www.lightreading.com/mobile/5g/china-telecom-plans-commercial-5g-trials-in-2019/d/d-id/735684|work=Light Reading|language=en}}</ref>

====Microprocessors====
China has its own versions of microprocessors, manufactured and developed domestically, which are also used to build the world's most powerful supercomputers.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!processor architecture
!Processor name
!Manufacturer
!supported OS
!Supercomputer
|-
|RISC64
|[[SW26010]]
|[[Sunway (processor)|ShenWei]]
|RaiseOS (Linux)
|[[Sunway TaihuLight]]
|-
|MIPS64
|[[Loongson]], Godson
|ICT & [[Chinese Academy of Sciences|CAS]]
|Android, Linux, BSD
|[[Dawning Information Industry#Dawning 6000|Dawning 6000]]
|-
|Power8, Power9 (IBM)
|PowerCore CP1, CP2
|Suzhou PowerCore
|[[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|Suse Linux]]
|
|-
|SPARC64
|[[FeiTeng]]3rd gen, Galaxy FT-1500
|[[YinHeFeiTeng]]
|[[Kylin (operating system)|Kylin Linux]]
|[[Tianhe-2]]
|-
|IA64 (Itanium)
|[[FeiTeng]] 1st gen
|[[YinHeFeiTeng]]
|
|
|-
|ARM64
|Phytium Mars, Xiaomi
|Phytium Technology
|[[Kylin (operating system)|Kylin Linux]]
|
|-
|x86-64 (VIA)
|KX-7000, KH-40000 
|[[Zhaoxin]]
|[[Unity Operating System]]
|
|-
|ARM64
|Kungpeng
|[[HiSilicon]]
|[[EulerOS]]/[[Unity Operating System]]
|
|-
|ARM64
|Kirin 900
|[[HiSilicon]]
|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]/[[Harmony OS]]
|
|-
|x86-64 (AMD Zen)
| 
|THATIC
|
|
|}

==== Supercomputing ====
[[Supercomputing in China]] has expanded rapidly. [[Supercomputing]] affects the possibility to do cutting-edge research in many areas such as design of [[pharmaceuticals]], [[cryptanalysis]], [[natural resource]] exploration, [[climate model]]s, and [[military technology]]. As of 2017, China had 202 of the 500 most powerful [[supercomputer]]s in the world, far exceeding any other country (including the US which has 143), in addition to possessing the top 2 most powerful supercomputers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese supercomputer is the world's fastest — and without using US chips|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/20/11975356/chinese-supercomputer-worlds-fastes-taihulight|work=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China dominates top supercomputers list|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-41971380|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2017}}</ref> China is developing the capacity to manufacture the components domestically and plans to be the first to build an [[Exascale computing|exascale supercomputer]]. China may also be planning to create much more powerful large-scale distributed supercomputing by connecting its supercomputer centers together.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/|title=The Daily Beast|website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> [[Tianhe-I|Tianhe-1]] was for a period in 2010-2011 the world's fastest supercomputer.<ref name="Tianhe-I">{{citation
 | title = China's Defense University builds World Third fastest supercomputer
 | url = http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/?p=5180
 | publisher = china-defense-mashup.com
 | date = 29 October 2009}}</ref> In June 2013, [[Tianhe-2]], the successor to Tianhe-1, took the crown from its predecessor. In 2016, China's new supercomputer, [[Sunway TaihuLight]] became the world's most powerful supercomputer, significantly surpassing Tianhe-2's capabilities by three folds, while using Chinese-made chips. This signals China's success not only in the supercomputing industry, but also its domestic chip-making technology.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=China's New Supercomputer Puts the U.S. Even Farther Behind—Like, Way Behind|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/06/fastest-supercomputer-sunway-taihulight/|magazine=WIRED}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China's Tianhe-2 Caps Top 10 Supercomputers|author=Davey Alba|author-link=Davey Alba|date=June 17, 2013|work=IEEE Spectrum|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tianhe2-caps-top-10-supercomputers}}</ref>

==== Semiconductors ====

China's [[semiconductor industry]] has, despite extensive governmental support, had many problems, such as innovative new designs. This may be due to factors such as poorly guided state and local government support for soon outdated technologies and geographically scattered efforts, lacking engineering education, and poor protection of intellectual property. However various trends may change this, such a new emphasis on market mechanisms rather than direct support, concentration of efforts, the return of Chinese who have studied abroad, increased pressure on foreign companies to transfer technology, indigenous Chinese technological standards, and increased demands for indigenous technology in the local market.<ref name="semi" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Opportunities-for-Chinas-semiconductor-industry-30178694.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403034147/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Opportunities-for-Chinas-semiconductor-industry-30178694.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2013|title=Opportunities for China's semiconductor industry|date=26 March 2012|work=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitimes.com/Reports/Report.asp?datepublish=2011/08/03&pages=RS&seq=400|title=Expectations for China's semiconductor industry during the 12th Five Year Plan|first=Nobunaga|last= Chai|date=August 3, 2011 }}</ref>

The country has rapidly progressed in the semiconductor industry, while backing its largest chip maker and developer, [[Tsinghua Unigroup]], with a US$150 billion funding to secure China's dominance in the semiconductor technology, and build a world-class semiconductor industry over the next 5 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=China's Top Chipmaker Secures $22 Billion to Expand Globally|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-28/china-s-largest-chipmaker-secures-22-billion-to-expand-globally|work=Bloomberg.com|date=28 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China's largest chipmaker secures US$22bn in funds|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2017/03/29/2003667650|work=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China will dominate the global semiconductor market in the next 5 years|url=http://electroiq.com/blog/2017/07/china-will-dominate-the-global-semiconductor-market-in-the-next-5-years/|work=electroiq.com}}</ref> However, as of 2020 China has yet to achieve dominance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Semiconductors are China's Choke Point|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2020-10-24/bloomberg-new-economy-semiconductors-are-china-s-choke-point|work=Bloomberg.com|date=24 October 2020}}</ref>