Editing Sleep (section)

==Drugs and diet==
{{See also|Alertness#Drugs used to increase alertness}}
Drugs which induce sleep, known as [[hypnotic]]s, include [[benzodiazepine]]s (although these interfere with REM);<ref name="sleep_medicine_a04">{{Cite book | vauthors = Lee-chiong T |title=Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review |year= 2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], US |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1F_DEbRNMcC&pg=PT52 |isbn=978-0-19-530659-0 |page=52 |access-date=25 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311005733/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1F_DEbRNMcC&pg=PT52 |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[nonbenzodiazepine]] hypnotics such as [[eszopiclone]] (Lunesta), [[zaleplon]] (Sonata), and [[zolpidem]] (Ambien); [[antihistamine]]s such as [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl) and [[doxylamine]]; [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol (ethanol)]], (which exerts an excitatory [[rebound effect]] later in the night and intereferes with REM)<ref name="sleep_medicine_a04"/> [[barbiturate]]s (which have the same problem), [[melatonin (medication)|melatonin]] (a component of the circadian clock)<ref name=TurekCzeisler1999>{{cite book | vauthors = Turek FW, Czeisler CA | date = 1999 | chapter = Role of Melatonin in the Regulation of Sleep | veditors = Zee PC, Turek FW | title = Regulation of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms | pages = 181–195 }}</ref> and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] (which may also interfere with REM).<ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-teenage-mind/200906/marijuana-sleep-and-dreams Marijuana, Sleep and Dreams]. psychologytoday.com. Retrieved on 10 February 2012.</ref> Some [[opioid]]s (including [[morphine]], [[codeine]], [[heroin]], and [[oxycodone]]) also induce sleep, and can disrupt sleep architecture and sleep stage distribution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosen |first1=Ilene M. |last2=Aurora |first2=R. Nisha |last3=Kirsch |first3=Douglas B. |last4=Carden |first4=Kelly A. |last5=Malhotra |first5=Raman K. |last6=Ramar |first6=Kannan |last7=Abbasi-Feinberg |first7=Fariha |last8=Kristo |first8=David A. |last9=Martin |first9=Jennifer L. |last10=Olson |first10=Eric J. |last11=Rosen |first11=Carol L. |last12=Rowley |first12=James A. |last13=Shelgikar |first13=Anita V. |title=Chronic Opioid Therapy and Sleep: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Position Statement |journal=Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine |date=15 November 2019 |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1671–1673 |doi=10.5664/jcsm.8062 |pmid=31739858 |pmc=6853382 |language=en |issn=1550-9389}}</ref> The endogenously produced drug [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|gamma-hydroxybutyrate]] (GHB) is capable of producing high quality sleep that is indistinguishable from natural sleep architecture in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mamelak |first1=M. |last2=Escriu |first2=J. M. |last3=Stokan |first3=O. |date=April 1977 |title=The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on sleep |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192353/ |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=273–288 |issn=0006-3223 |pmid=192353}}</ref>

[[Stimulant]]s, which inhibit sleep, include [[caffeine]], an [[adenosine]] antagonist; [[amphetamine]], [[methamphetamine]], [[MDMA]], [[empathogen-entactogen]]s, and related drugs; [[cocaine]], which can alter the circadian rhythm,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abarca C, Albrecht U, Spanagel R | title = Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 13 | pages = 9026–30 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12084940 | pmc = 124417 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.142039099 | bibcode = 2002PNAS...99.9026A | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080714095916/https://www.mindsite.com/dsm_iv/primary_hypersomnia Primary hypersomnia: Diagnostic Features]. mindsite.com</ref> and [[methylphenidate]], which acts similarly; and [[eugeroic]] drugs like [[modafinil]] and [[armodafinil]] with poorly understood mechanisms. Consuming high amounts of the stimulant caffeine can result in interrupted sleep patterns and sometimes sleep deprivation. This vicious cycle can result in drowsiness which can then result in a higher consumption of caffeine in order to stay awake the next day. This cycle can lead to decreased cognitive function and an overall feeling of fatigue.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Callaghan F, Muurlink O, Reid N | title = Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning | journal = Risk Management and Healthcare Policy | volume = 11 | pages = 263–271 | date = 7 December 2018 | pmid = 30573997 | pmc = 6292246 | doi = 10.2147/RMHP.S156404 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Some drugs may alter sleep architecture without inhibiting or inducing sleep. Drugs that amplify or inhibit endocrine and immune system secretions associated with certain sleep stages have been shown to alter sleep architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimatsu |first=Akira |date=September 2004 |title=[Ghrelin-related drugs: clinical perspectives] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15506422/ |journal=Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=62 |issue=Suppl 9 |pages=435–438 |issn=0047-1852 |pmid=15506422}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=P. J. |last2=Badia |first2=P. |last3=Myers |first3=B. L. |last4=Boecker |first4=M. R. |last5=Wright |first5=K. P. |date=June 1994 |title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect normal sleep patterns in humans |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8047572/#:~:text=Aspirin%20and%20ibuprofen%20disrupted%20sleep,the%20deeper%20stages%20of%20sleep. |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1063–1066 |doi=10.1016/0031-9384(94)90388-3 |issn=0031-9384 |pmid=8047572|s2cid=25887442 }}</ref> The growth hormone releasing hormone receptor agonist [[MK-677]] has been shown to increase REM in older adults as well as stage IV sleep in younger adults by approximately 50%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Copinschi |first1=G. |last2=Leproult |first2=R. |last3=Van Onderbergen |first3=A. |last4=Caufriez |first4=A. |last5=Cole |first5=K. Y. |last6=Schilling |first6=L. M. |last7=Mendel |first7=C. M. |last8=De Lepeleire |first8=I. |last9=Bolognese |first9=J. A. |last10=Van Cauter |first10=E. |date=October 1997 |title=Prolonged oral treatment with MK-677, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, improves sleep quality in man |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9349662/ |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=278–286 |doi=10.1159/000127249 |issn=0028-3835 |pmid=9349662}}</ref>

===Diet===
Dietary and nutritional choices may affect sleep duration and quality. One 2016 review indicated that a high-[[carbohydrate]] diet promoted a shorter onset to sleep and a longer duration of sleep than a high-fat diet.<ref name="an">{{cite journal | vauthors = St-Onge MP, Mikic A, Pietrolungo CE | title = Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality | journal = Advances in Nutrition | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 938–49 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27633109 | pmc = 5015038 | doi = 10.3945/an.116.012336 }}</ref> A 2012 investigation indicated that mixed [[micronutrient]]s and [[macronutrient]]s are needed to promote quality sleep.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peuhkuri K, Sihvola N, Korpela R | title = Diet promotes sleep duration and quality | journal = Nutrition Research | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–19 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22652369 | doi = 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.009 }}</ref> A varied diet containing fresh fruits and vegetables, low [[saturated fat]], and [[whole grain]]s may be optimal for individuals seeking to improve sleep quality.<ref name=an/> [[Epidemiology|Epidemiological]] studies indicate fewer insomnia symptoms and better sleep quality with a [[Mediterranean diet]].<ref name="pmid27633109">{{cite journal | vauthors=St-Onge M, Mikic A, Cara E, Pietrolungo CE | title=Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality | journal= [[Advances in Nutrition]] | volume=7 | issue=5 | pages=938–949 | year=2016 |  doi = 10.3945/an.116.012336 | pmc=5015038 | pmid=27633109 }}</ref><ref name="pmid37156196">{{cite journal | vauthors=St-Onge M, Cherta-Murillo A, Owen L | title=The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism | journal= [[Sleep Medicine Reviews]] | volume=69 | pages=101788 | year=2023 |  doi = 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788 | pmc=10247426 | pmid=37156196 }}</ref> Two studies have indicated a benefit of [[Prunus cerasus|tart cherry]] juice for insomnia, or for increasing sleep efficiency as well as total sleep time.<ref name="pmid27633109" /> High-quality [[clinical trial]]s on long-term dietary practices are needed to better define the influence of diet on sleep quality.<ref name=an/>