Editing Social exchange theory (section)

===Matrices===
People develop patterns of exchange to cope with power differentials and to deal with the costs associated with exercising power.<ref name="West 2007 188"/> These patterns describe behavioral rules or norms that indicate how people trade resources in an attempt to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Three different matrices have been described by Thibaut and Kelley to illustrate the patterns people develop. These are given matrix, the effective matrix and the dispositional matrix.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1=West | first1=Richard
 | last2=Turner | first2=Lynn
 | year=2007
 | title=Introducing Communication Theory
 | page=194
 | publisher=McGraw Hill}}</ref>

*The given matrix represents the behavioral choices and outcomes that are determined by a combination of external factors (environment) and internal factors (the specific skills each interactant possesses).<ref name="West 2007 193"/>
*The effective matrix "which represents an expansion of alternative behaviors and/or outcomes which ultimately determines the behavioral choices in social exchange"<ref>{{cite book
 | last=Roloff| first=Michael
 | year=1981
 | title=Interpersonal communication: The social exchange approach
 | page=51
 | publisher=Beverly Hills}}</ref>
*The dispositional matrix represents the way two people believe that rewards ought to be exchanged between them.<ref>{{cite book
 | last1=West | first1=Richard
 | last2=Turner | first2=Lynn
 | year=2007
 | title=Introducing Communication Theory
 | page=195
 | publisher=McGraw Hill}}</ref>

There are three forms within these matrices: [[Norm of reciprocity|Reciprocity]], [[Generalized exchange|Generalized Exchange]], and Productive Exchange. In a direct exchange, reciprocation is confined to the two actors. One social actor provides value to another one and the other reciprocates. There are three different types of reciprocity:<ref name = Cropanzano>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0149206305279602|title=Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review|journal=Journal of Management|volume=31|issue=6|pages=874–900|year=2005|last1=Cropanzano|first1=R.|last2=Mitchell|first2=M. S.|s2cid=146669866}}</ref>
#Reciprocity as a transactional pattern of interdependent exchanges
#Reciprocity as a folk belief
#Reciprocity as a moral norm

A [[generalized exchange]] involves indirect reciprocity between three or more individuals.<ref name="Trust and Transitions">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0190272509359616|year=2010|title=The Contentious Social Interactionism of Charles Tilly|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|volume=73|pages=5–10|last1=Collins|first1=R.|s2cid=144535076|url=http://spq.sagepub.com/content/73/1/5.full.pdf}}</ref> For example, one person gives to another and the recipient responds by giving to another person other than the first person. Productive exchange means that both actors have to contribute for either one of them to benefit. Both people incur benefits and costs simultaneously.

Another common form of exchange is negotiated exchange which focuses on the negotiation of rules in order for both parties to reach a beneficial agreement.<ref name=Cropanzano /> Reciprocal exchanges and negotiated exchanges are often analyzed and compared to discover their essential differences. One major difference between the two exchanges is the level of risks associated with the exchange and the uncertainty these risks create (ref). Negotiated exchange can consist of binding and non-binding negotiations. When comparing the levels of risk within these exchanges, reciprocal exchange has the highest level of risk which in result produces the most uncertainty.<ref name="Trust and Transitions"/> An example of a risk that could occur during the reciprocal exchange is the factor that the second party could end up not returning the favor and completing the reciprocal exchange. Binding negotiated exchanges involve the least amount of risks which will result the individuals feeling low levels of uncertainty. Whereas non-binding negotiated exchanges and their level of risks and uncertainty fall in between the amount of risks associated with reciprocal and binding negotiated exchanges.<ref name="Trust and Transitions"/> Since there is not a binding agreement involved, one party involved in the exchange could decide to not cooperate with the agreement.