Editing Toothpaste (section)

===Modern toothpaste===
An 18th-century American and British toothpaste recipe called for burned bread. Another formula around this time called for [[dragon's blood]] (a resin), cinnamon, and burned [[alum]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 1873 the Colgate company began the mass production of aromatic toothpaste in jars.<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeMatteis |first1=Bob |title=From Patent to Profit: Secrets & Strategies for the Successful Inventor |date=February 2004 |publisher=Square One Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-0-7570-0140-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7G5A2pyvCQUC&dq=1873+colgate+powder&pg=PA288 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Show card advertising "Kolynos" Dental Cream Wellcome L0040561.jpg|thumb|Promotional poster for the Kolynos toothpaste from the 1940s]]
By 1900, a paste made of [[hydrogen peroxide]] and [[baking soda]] was recommended for use with toothbrushes. Pre-mixed toothpastes were first marketed in the 19th century, but did not surpass the popularity of tooth-powder until [[World War I]].

Together with [[Willoughby D. Miller]], [[Newell Sill Jenkins]] developed the first toothpaste containing [[disinfectants]], branded as [[Kolynos]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Segrave K |title=America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9F5eTkLwcYC&pg=PA35|date=January 27, 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5684-0|pages=35}}</ref> The name is a combination of two Greek words, meaning "beautifier" and "disease preventer".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Segrave |first1=Kerry |title=America Brushes Up: The Use and Marketing of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes in the Twentieth Century |date=29 November 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5684-0 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9F5eTkLwcYC |language=en}}</ref> Numerous attempts to produce the toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe proved uneconomic. After returning to the US, he continued experimenting with [[Harry Ward Foote]] (1875–1942), professor of chemistry at [[Sheffield Scientific School|Sheffield Chemical Laboratory]] of [[Yale University]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson TB | title = Harry Ward Foote | journal = Science | volume = 95 | issue = 2462 | pages = 241–2 | date = March 1942 | pmid = 17774149 | doi = 10.1126/science.95.2462.241 | bibcode = 1942Sci....95..241J }}</ref> After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials, Jenkins retired and transferred the production and distribution to his son [[Leonard A. Jenkins]], who brought the first toothpaste tubes on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Far East. A branch operation opened in London in 1909. In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary. Colgate-Palmolive took over the production of [[American Home Products]] in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://collectingvintagecompacts.blogspot.de/2011/05/kolynos-toothpaste-and-nalgiri.html | title = Kolynos Toothpaste and Nalgiri Cosmetics – A curious blend of Greek and Hindu | work = Collecting Vintage Compacts }}</ref>

[[Fluoride]] was first added to toothpastes in the 1890s. Tanagra, containing [[calcium fluoride]] as the active ingredient, was sold by [[Karl F. Toellner Company]], of [[Bremen]], Germany, based upon the early work of chemist [[Albert Deninger]].<ref>[http://www.fluoride-history.de/p-dentifrice.htm Early dental fluoride preparations (dentifrice, mouthwash, tablets, etc.)]. Fluoride-history.de. Retrieved on April 4, 2013.</ref> An analogous invention by [[Roy Cross (inventor)|Roy Cross]], of [[Kansas City, Missouri]], was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. Fluoride toothpastes developed in the 1950s received the ADA's approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, [[Procter & Gamble]] started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & Gamble developed a joint research project team headed by [[Joseph C. Muhler]] at [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] to study new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & Gamble's [[Crest (toothpaste)|Crest]] launched its first [[clinically proven]] fluoride-containing toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care."

In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralizing toothpaste to use a nano-form of hydroxyapatite, the main component of tooth enamel, rather than fluoride, to remineralize areas of mineral loss below the surface of tooth enamel (incipient caries lesions). After many years of laboratory experiments and field trials,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kani T, Kani M, Isozaki A, Shintani H, Ohashi T, Tokumoto T | title = Effect to Apatite-containing Dentifrices on Dental Caries in School Children | journal =  Journal of Dental Health | volume = 39 | pages = 104–109 | year = 1989 | doi = 10.5834/jdh.39.104 | doi-access = free }}</ref> its hydroxyapatite ingredient was approved as an active anti-caries agent by the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and given the name Medical Hydroxyapatite to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used in toothpaste, such as dental abrasives.

In 2006, [[BioRepair]] appeared in Europe with the first European toothpaste containing synthetic [[hydroxylapatite]] as an alternative to fluoride for the remineralization and reparation of [[tooth enamel]]. The "biomimetic hydroxylapatite" is intended to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically changes it into [[fluorapatite]].<ref>[http://www.biorepair.co.uk/ An enamel toothpaste that repairs teeth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331091141/http://www.biorepair.co.uk/ |date=March 31, 2012 }}. BioRepair (January 18, 2013). Retrieved on April 4, 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bossù |first1=Maurizio |last2=Saccucci |first2=Matteo |last3=Salucci |first3=Alessandro |last4=Giorgio |first4=Gianni Di |last5=Bruni |first5=Erika |last6=Uccelletti |first6=Daniela |last7=Sarto |first7=Maria Sabrina |last8=Familiari |first8=Giuseppe |last9=Relucenti |first9=Michela |last10=Polimeni |first10=Antonella |date=2019-01-25 |title=Enamel remineralization and repair results of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite toothpaste on deciduous teeth: an effective option to fluoride toothpaste |journal=Journal of Nanobiotechnology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1186/s12951-019-0454-6 |doi-access=free |pmid=30683113 |pmc=6346538 }}</ref>

====Dispensing====
{{main|Tube (container)}}
{{main|Toothpaste pump dispenser}}
Toothpaste is usually dispensed via a collapsible tube or with a more rigid pump. Several traditional and innovative designs have been developed.<ref>{{Citation
 | last =Malea
 | first =Anestasia
 | title = Innovative and sustainable toothpaste packaging design
 | journal = Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design
| volume =11
 | issue =2
 | pages =19–29
 | year =2020
 | doi =10.24867/jged-2020-2-019
 | s2cid =224878584
 | doi-access =free
 }}</ref>  The dispenser must be matched to the flow properties of the toothpaste.<ref>{{Citation
 | last =Ahuja
 | first =Amit
 | title = Rheological and sensory properties of toothpastes
 | journal = Rheologica Acta
| volume =57
 | issue =6–7
 | pages =19–29
 | year =2018
 | doi =10.1007/s00397-018-1090-z
 | bibcode =2018AcRhe..57..459A
 | s2cid =103260933
 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324952187
| access-date = 24 June 2023
}}</ref> [[File:Toothpaste.jpg|thumb|alt=A photo of the end of a tube of toothpaste that has a manufactured opening with blue toothpaste extending out|Modern toothpaste gel, in a tube]]
In 1880, Doctor [[Washington Sheffield]] of [[New London, CT]] manufactured toothpaste into a collapsible tube, [[Sheffield Pharmaceuticals|Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice]]. He had the idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw painters using paint from tubes. In [[York]] in 1896, Colgate-Palmolive Dental Cream was packaged in collapsible tubes imitating Sheffield. The original collapsible toothpaste tubes were made of [[lead]].<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Schlosser J | date = 20 December 2005 | url = http://blog.news-record.com/staff/architecture/2005/12/readers_have_po.shtml | title = Get the lead out didn't always mean for soldiers to speed up during World War II. It meant removing lead from toothpaste tubes to make bullets | work = Architecture Antiquity Artifacts | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013162246/http://blog.news-record.com/staff/architecture/2005/12/readers_have_po.shtml | archive-date = October 13, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | vauthors = Cooper HS, Gill B | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1960/08/06/1960_08_06_020_TNY_CARDS_000262427 | title = The Talk of the Town: Collapsible | magazine = The New Yorker | date = 6 August 1960 }}</ref>