Editing Anchoring effect (section)

== Individual differences in Anchoring ==

=== Personality ===
When examining the relationship between personality and individual determinants, such as extroversion and introversion, a relationship between high levels of conscientiousness and extraversion with anchoring biases was identified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Furnham |first1=Adrian |last2=Boo |first2=Hua Chu |last3=McClelland |first3=Alastair |date=2012-01-01 |title=Individual Differences and the Susceptibility to the Influence of Anchoring Cues |url=https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1027/1614-0001/a000076 |journal=Journal of Individual Differences |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1027/1614-0001/a000076 |issn=1614-0001|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nonetheless, when measuring the Big Five Personality traits and anchoring susceptibility, no significant correlation was found between personality and anchoring.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/s41598-021-86429-2 |doi-access=free | title=Bayes Factors show evidence against systematic relationships between the anchoring effect and the Big Five personality traits | date=2021 | last1=Schindler | first1=Sebastian | last2=Querengässer | first2=Jan | last3=Bruchmann | first3=Maximilian | last4=Bögemann | first4=Nele Johanna | last5=Moeck | first5=Robert | last6=Straube | first6=Thomas | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=11 | issue=1 | page=7021 | pmid=33782455 | pmc=8007589 | bibcode=2021NatSR..11.7021S }}</ref> The anchoring effect seems to be present regardless of personality.

=== Cognitive Capability and Intelligence ===
Predrag Teovanović’s <ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Individual Differences in Anchoring Effect: Evidence |url=https://research.amanote.com/publication/Go4Q1HMBKQvf0BhiQ8_y/individual-differences-in-anchoring-effect-evidence-for-the-role-of-insufficient |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=research.amanote.com |language=en}}</ref> investigated whether intelligence, cognitive reflection and personality traits affects the presence of anchoring effect in decision-making. Although measures of individual differences in susceptibility to anchoring were reliable, individual differences only explain a small portion of the variation. However, intelligence is negatively correlated with anchoring for participants who are more reflective. By critically thinking about their process of decision-making, reflective individuals might realize the unreasonable reliance on anchors and insufficient adjustments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Furnham |first1=Adrian |last2=Boo |first2=Hua Chu |date=2011-02-01 |title=A literature review of the anchoring effect |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053535710001411 |journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |doi=10.1016/j.socec.2010.10.008 |issn=1053-5357|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Similarly, Welsh and colleagues found a weak, negative correlation between aptitude for rationality and overall cognitive measures and anchoring susceptibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Welsh |first1=Matthew B. |last2=Delfabbro |first2=Paul H. |last3=Burns |first3=Nicholas R. |last4=Begg |first4=Steve H. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Individual differences in anchoring: Traits and experience |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1041608013000046 |journal=Learning and Individual Differences |volume=29 |pages=131–140 |doi=10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.002 |issn=1041-6080|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Research supporting individual differences in anchoring suggests that individuals who recognize the potential bias of anchoring and actively reflect on their decision-making process tend to be less susceptible to its effects. By critically assessing whether their judgments are based on reliable data or influenced by arbitrary anchors, they are more likely to identify and correct for insufficient adjustments, or choose not to use unreliable anchors at all.

=== Affective Factors ===
Susceptibility to anchoring is influenced by mood. Individuals in a sad mood were more susceptible to anchoring compared to those in a neutral or happy mood. According to the attitude change theory, people in a sad mood will engage in more effortful processing, in a similar fashion as hypothesis confirmation.<ref name=":3" /> On the other hand, based on the selective accessibility theory, sad mood results in more thorough information processing, thereby promoting the search for anchoring-consistent information to confirm their hypothesis. <ref name=":0" />