Editing Breast augmentation (section)

====Systemic disease and sickness====
Since the 1990s, reviews of the studies that sought causal links between silicone-gel breast implants and [[systemic disease]] reported no link between the implants and subsequent systemic and autoimmune diseases.<ref name=Canada_2005>{{cite web|title=Expert Advisory Panel on Breast Implants: Record of Proceedings|publisher=HealthCanada|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/md-im/activit/sci-consult/implant-breast-mammaire/eapbi_rop_gceim_crd_2005-09-29_e.html|date=2005-09-29|access-date=2007-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107040623/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/md-im/activit/sci-consult/implant-breast-mammaire/eapbi_rop_gceim_crd_2005-09-29_e.html|archive-date=2007-11-07}}</ref><ref name=BIIB_2001>{{cite book|author=Therapeutic Goods Administration|title=Breast Implant Information Booklet|edition=4th|publisher=Australian Government|year=2001|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/breasti4.pdf|isbn=978-0-642-73579-9|access-date=2011-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101081442/http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/breasti4.pdf|archive-date=2007-01-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=EQUAM_2000>{{cite web|author=European Committee on Quality Assurance and Medical Devices in Plastic Surgery | title=Consensus Declaration on Breast Implants|url=http://www.secpre.org/pdf/equam.pdf|date=2000-06-23|access-date=2007-05-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230061944/http://www.secpre.org/pdf/equam.pdf |archive-date = December 30, 2006}}</ref><ref name=UK_1998>{{cite web|title=Silicone Gel Breast Implant Report Launched - No Epidemiological Evidence For Link With Connective Tissue Disease - Independent Review Group|url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Pressreleases/DH_4024791|date=1998-07-13|access-date=2007-05-04}}</ref> Nonetheless, during the 1990s, thousands of women claimed sicknesses they believed were caused by their breast implants, including [[neurology|neurological]] and [[rheumatology|rheumatological]] health problems.
[[Image:BreastImplant09.JPG|thumb|right|225px|Breast Implant: the chest X-ray of a woman with bilaterally emplaced breast implants shows that the prostheses are radiographically opaque, and are foreign objects in her body, but not of her body.]]
In the study ''Long-term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants'' (2004), the national healthcare system of Denmark reported that women with implants did not risk a greater incidence and diagnosis of [[autoimmune disease]], when compared to same-age women in the general population; that the incidence of musculoskeletal disease was lower among women with breast implants than among women who had undergone other types of cosmetic surgery; and that they had a lower incidence rate than like women in the general population.<ref name="Breiting2004">{{cite journal|vauthors=Breiting VB, Holmich LR, Brandt B, Fryzek JP, Wolthers MS, Kjoller K, McLaughlin JK, Wiik A, Friis S |title=Long-term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |year=2004|pages=217–226 |volume=114|pmid=15220596|doi=10.1097/01.PRS.0000128823.77637.8A|issue=1|s2cid=20584928}}</ref><ref name="Kjoller2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kjoller K, Holmich LR, Fryzek JP, Jacobsen PH, Friis S, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Henriksen TF, Hoier-Madsen M, Wiik A, Olsen JH |title=Self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms among Danish women with cosmetic breast implants|journal= Annals of Plastic Surgery|year=2004|pages=1–7|volume=52 | pmid= 14676691|doi=10.1097/01.sap.0000101930.75241.55 | issue=1|s2cid=33639882}}</ref>

Follow-up [[Longitudinal study|longitudinal studies]] of these breast implant patients confirmed the previous findings on the matter.<ref name="Fryzek2007">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fryzek JP, Holmich L, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Tarone RE, Henriksen T, Kjoller K, Friis S |title=A Nationwide Study of Connective Tissue Disease and Other Rheumatic Conditions Among Danish Women With Long-Term Cosmetic Breast Implantation|journal=Annals of Epidemiology |year=2007|pmid=17321754|doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.11.001|volume=17|pages=374–379|issue=5}}</ref> European and North American studies reported that women who underwent augmentation mammoplasty, and any plastic surgery procedure, tended to be healthier and wealthier than the general population, before and after implantation; that plastic surgery patients had a lower [[standardized mortality ratio]] than did patients for other surgeries; yet faced an increased risk of death by [[lung cancer]] than other plastic surgery patients. Moreover, because only one study, the Swedish ''Long-term Cancer Risk Among Swedish Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants: an Update of a Nationwide Study'' (2006), controlled for [[tobacco smoking]] information, the data were insufficient to establish verifiable statistical differences between smokers and non-smokers that might contribute to the higher [[lung cancer]] mortality rate of women with breast implants.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Murray MC, Colton T, Hoover RN |title=Mortality Rates Among Augmentation Mammoplasty patients: an update|journal=Epidemiology|year=2006|pages=162–9|volume=17|issue=2|pmid=16477256|doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000197056.84629.19|s2cid=22285852|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Fryzek JP, Ye W, Tarone RE, Nyren O |title=Long-term Cancer Risk Among Swedish Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants: an Update of a Nationwide Study| journal=J Natl Cancer Inst|year=2006|pages=557–60|volume=98|issue=8|pmid=16622125|doi=10.1093/jnci/djj134|doi-access=free}}</ref> The long-term study of 25,000 women, ''Mortality among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants'' (2006), reported that the "findings suggest that breast implants do not directly increase mortality in women."<ref name="Villenueve2006">{{cite journal|author=Villenueve PJ|title=Mortality among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|date=June 2006|pmid=16777929|doi=10.1093/aje/kwj214|volume=164|pages=334–341|issue=4|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=1|last2=Holowaty|first2=EJ|last3=Brisson|first3=J|last4=Xie|first4=L|last5=Ugnat|first5=AM|last6=Latulippe|first6=L|last7=Mao|first7=Y |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The study ''Silicone gel Breast Implant Rupture, Extracapsular Silicone, and Health Status in a Population of Women'' (2001), reported increased incidences of [[fibromyalgia]] among women who had [[Capsular contracture|extracapsular silicone-gel leakage]] than among women whose breast implants neither ruptured nor leaked.<ref name="Brown2001">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brown SL, Pennello G, Berg WA, Soo MS, Middleton MS |title=Silicone gel Breast Implant Rupture, Extracapsular Silicone, and Health Status in a Population of Women|journal=Journal of Rheumatology|year=2001|pages=996–1003|volume=28|issue=5|pmid=11361228 |url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/extracapstudy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605000700/http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/extracapstudy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 5, 2001 }}</ref> The study later was criticized as significantly methodologically flawed, and a number of large subsequent follow-up studies have not shown any evidence of a causal device–disease association. After investigating, the U.S. FDA has concluded "the weight of the [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] evidence published in the literature does not support an association between fibromyalgia and breast implants."<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK |title=Breast Implants and Fibromyalgia: a Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence|journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery|year=2004|pages=284–287|volume=52|issue=3|pmid=15156983|doi=10.1097/01.sap.0000116024.18713.28|s2cid=19370286}}</ref><ref name=FDA_2004>{{cite web|title=Diseases|work=FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004|url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/diseases.html|date=2004-06-08|access-date=2007-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609134559/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/diseases.html|archive-date=2007-06-09}}</ref> The systemic review study, ''Silicone Breast implants and Connective tissue Disease: No Association'' (2011) reported the investigational conclusion that "any claims that remain regarding an association between cosmetic breast implants and CTDs are not supported by the scientific literature".<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lipworth L, Holmich LR, McLaughlin JK |title=Silicone Breast implants and Connective tissue Disease: No Association|journal=Semin Immunopathol|year=2011|pages=287–294|volume=33|issue=3|pmid=21369953|doi=10.1007/s00281-010-0238-4|s2cid=22297654}}</ref>