Editing Concussion (section)

==History==
[[Image:HippocraticOath.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hippocratic Corpus]] mentioned concussion.<ref name=Masferrer/>]]
The Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of medical works from ancient Greece, mentions concussion, later translated to ''commotio cerebri'', and discusses loss of speech, hearing, and sight that can result from "commotion of the brain".<ref name="Masferrer">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masferrer R, Masferrer M, Prendergast V, Harrington TR |year=2000 |url=http://www.thebarrow.org/Education_And_Resources/Barrow_Quarterly/205077 |title=Grading scale for cerebral concussions |journal=BNI Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |issn=0894-5799 |access-date=2012-04-30 |archive-date=2021-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234744/https://www.barrowneuro.org/Education_And_Resources/Barrow_Quarterly/205077 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This idea of disruption of mental function by "shaking of the brain" remained the widely accepted understanding of concussion until the 19th&nbsp;century.<ref name=Masferrer/> In the 10th&nbsp;century, the Persian physician [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]] was the first to write about concussion as distinct from other types of head injury.<ref name="McCrory">{{cite journal | vauthors = McCrory PR, Berkovic SF | title = Concussion: the history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions | journal = Neurology | volume = 57 | issue = 12 | pages = 2283–2289 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11756611 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283 | s2cid = 219209099 }}</ref> He may have been the first to use the term "cerebral concussion", and his definition of the condition, a transient loss of function with no physical damage, set the stage for the medical understanding of the condition for centuries.<ref name="sivak">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sivák S, Kurca E, Jancovic D, Petriscák S, Kucera P | title = [Contemporary view on mild brain injuries in adult population] | language = sk | journal = Casopis Lekaru Ceskych | volume = 144 | issue = 7 | pages = 445–50; discussion 451–54 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16161536 | url = http://www.clsjep.cz/odkazy/clc0507_445.pdf | url-status = dead | trans-title = An outline of the current concepts of mild brain injury with emphasis on the adult population | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161612/http://www.clsjep.cz/odkazy/clc0507_445.pdf | archive-date = 2008-02-27 }}</ref>

In the 13th&nbsp;century, the physician [[Lanfranc of Milan]]'s ''Chiurgia Magna'' described concussion as brain "commotion", also recognizing a difference between concussion and other types of traumatic brain injury (though many of his contemporaries did not), and discussing the transience of post-concussion symptoms as a result of temporary loss of function from the injury.<ref name=McCrory/> In the 14th&nbsp;century, the surgeon [[Guy de Chauliac]] pointed out the relatively good prognosis of concussion as compared to more severe types of head trauma such as [[skull fracture]]s and [[penetrating head trauma]].<ref name=McCrory/> In the 16th-century, the term "concussion" came into use, and symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and memory problems were described.<ref name=McCrory/> The 16th&nbsp;century physician [[Ambroise Paré]] used the term ''commotio cerebri'',<ref name=sivak/> as well as "shaking of the brain", "commotion", and "concussion".<ref name=Masferrer/>
[[Image:Guillaume Dupuytren.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Guillaume Dupuytren]] distinguished between concussion and unconsciousness associated with [[brain contusion]].<ref name=Masferrer/>]]

Until the 17th&nbsp;century, a concussion was usually described by its clinical features, but after the invention of the microscope, more physicians began exploring underlying physical and structural mechanisms.<ref name=McCrory/> However, the prevailing view in the 17th century was that the injury did not result from physical damage, and this view continued to be widely held throughout the 18th&nbsp;century.<ref name=McCrory/> The word "concussion" was used at the time to describe the state of unconsciousness and other functional problems that resulted from the impact, rather than a physiological condition.<ref name=McCrory/> In 1839, Guillaume Dupuytren described brain contusions, which involve many small hemorrhages, as ''contusio cerebri'' and showed the difference between unconsciousness associated with damage to the brain [[parenchyma]] and that due to concussion, without such injury.<ref name=Masferrer/> In 1941, animal experiments showed that no [[macroscopic]] damage occurs in concussion.<ref name=Masferrer/><ref name="Denny-Brown">{{cite journal | vauthors = Denny-Brown D, Russell WR | title = Experimental cerebral concussion | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 99 | issue = 1 | pages = 153 | date = December 1940 | pmid = 16995229 | pmc = 1394062 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1940.sp003887 }}</ref>