Editing Heating element (section)

===Ceramics & semiconductors ===
* [[Molybdenum disilicide]] (MoSi<sub>2</sub>) an inter-metallic compound, a silicide of molybdenum, is a refractory ceramic primarily used in heating elements. It has moderate density, melting point 2030&nbsp;°C (3686&nbsp;°F) and is electrically conductive. At high temperatures it forms a [[passivation (chemistry)|passivation]] layer of silicon dioxide, protecting it from further oxidation. The application area includes [[glass industry]], ceramic sintering, [[Heat treating|heat treatment furnaces]] and [[semiconductor]] diffusion [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]]s.
* [[Silicon carbide]], is used in hot surface [[igniter]]s, which are heating elements designed for igniting flammable gas, are common in gas ovens and clothes dryers.
* [[Silicon nitride]] has been recently used as a surface igniter for gas furnace and diesel engine glow plugs. Such heating elements or glow plugs reach a maximum temperature of 1400&nbsp;°C and quickly ignite gasoline or kerosene. The material is also used in diesel and spark ignited engines for other combustion components and wear parts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sorrell |first1=Chris |date=2001-02-06 |title=Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) Properties and Applications |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=53 |journal=AZo Journal of Materials |issn=1833-122X |oclc=939116350}}</ref>
* PTC ceramic elements: [[positive temperature coefficient|PTC]] [[ceramic]] materials are named for their positive thermal coefficient of resistance (i.e., resistance increases upon heating). While most ceramics have a ''negative'' coefficient, these materials (often [[barium titanate]] and [[lead titanate]] composites) have a highly nonlinear thermal response, so that above a composition-dependent threshold temperature their resistance increases rapidly. This behavior causes the material to act as a [[self-regulating heater]], since current passes when it is cool, and does not when it is hot.<ref>{{cite book |date=26 May 2005 |title=How to Specify a PTC Heater for an Oven or Similar Appliance2 |url=https://www.process-heating.com/articles/88589-how-to-specify-a-ptc-heater-for-an-oven-or-similar-appliance |series=Process Heating |issn=1077-5870}}</ref> [[Thin film]]s of this material are used in heating [[clothing|garments]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Shu |last2=Wang |first2=Rui |last3=Ni |first3=Haisu |last4=Liu |first4=Hao |last5=Liu |first5=Li |date=2022 |title=A review of flexible electric heating element and electric heating garments |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1528083720968278 |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Industrial Textiles |volume=51 |issue=15 |pages=1015–136S |doi=10.1177/1528083720968278|s2cid=228936246 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> in automotive rear-window defrost heaters,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jang |first1=Joohee |last2=Parmar |first2=Narendra S. |last3=Choi |first3=Won-Kook |last4=Choi |first4=Ji-Won |date=2020 |title=Rapid Defrost Transparent Thin-Film Heater with Flexibility and Chemical Stability |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |volume=12 |issue=34 |pages=38406–38414 |doi=10.1021/acsami.0c10852|pmid=32698575 |s2cid=220717357 }}</ref> and honeycomb-shaped elements are used in more expensive [[hair dryer]]s, [[space heating|space heaters]] and most modern [[pellet stove]]s {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}. Such heating elements can reach temperatures of 950–1000&nbsp;°C and can reach equilibrium quickly.
* [[Infrared heater#Quartz heat lamps|Quartz halogen]] [[infrared heater]]s are also used to provide [[radiant heat]]ing.