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== Launch vehicles == [[File:Indian carrier rockets.svg|thumb|300 px|Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to right: [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV]], [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle|ASLV]], [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]], [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]], [[LVM3]]]] During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own [[launch vehicle]]s owing to geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960sβ1970s, the country developed a [[sounding rocket]], and by the 1980s, research had yielded the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]]-3 and the more advanced [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure.{{sfn|Gupta|Suresh|Sivan|2007|p=1697}} === Satellite Launch Vehicle === {{Main|Satellite Launch Vehicle}} [[File:Stamp of India - 1981 - Colnect 505879 - Launch of Rohini Satellite.jpeg|thumb|Stamp depicting SLV-3 D1 carrying [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-D1]] satellite to orbit]] The Satellite Launch Vehicle (known as SLV-3) was the first space rocket to be developed by India. The initial launch in 1979 was a failure followed by a successful launch in 1980 making India the sixth country in world with orbital launch capability. The development of bigger rockets began afterwards.<ref name="SLVFlipbook" /> === Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle === {{Main|Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle}} Augmented or Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was another small launch vehicle released in 1980s to develop technologies required to place satellites into [[geostationary orbit]]. ISRO did not have adequate funds to develop ASLV and PSLV at once. Since ASLV suffered repeated failures, it was dropped in favour of a new project.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-aslv.html |title=Augumented Satellite Launch Vehicle |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829151541/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-aslv.html |archive-date=29 August 2009}}</ref><ref name=ITASLV /> === Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle === {{Main|Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle}} [[File:PSLV-C11 launch2.jpg|thumb|PSLV-C11 lifts off carrying [[Chandrayaan-1]], first Indian mission to the moon.]] Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is the first [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] from India which enabled India to launch all its remote-sensing satellites into [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]. PSLV had a failure in its maiden launch in 1993. Besides two other partial failures, PSLV has become the primary workhorse for ISRO with more than 50 launches placing hundreds of Indian and foreign satellites into orbit.<ref name="gsp-pslv-1" /> Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Decade ! Successful ! Partial success ! Failure ! Total |- |1990s | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 |- | 2000s | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 |- | 2010s | 33 | 0 | 1 | 34 |- | 2020s | 10 | 0 | 1 | 11 |- | Total | 57 | 1 | 3 | 61 |} === Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle === {{Main|Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle}} [[File:GSLV-F08 Liftoff 5.jpg|thumb|GSLV-F08 launches [[GSAT-6A]] into [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (2018).]] [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] was envisaged in 1990s to transfer significant payloads to geostationary orbit. ISRO initially had a great problem realising GSLV as the development of [[CE-7.5]] in India took a decade. The US had blocked India from obtaining cryogenic technology from Russia, leading India to develop its own cryogenic engines.<ref name=flGSLVQuest /> Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Decade ! Successful ! Partial success ! Failure ! Total |- | 2000s | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |- | 2010s | 6 | 0 | 2 | 8 |- | 2020s | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |- | Total | 11 | 2 | 4 | 17 |} === Launch Vehicle Mark-3 === {{Main|LVM3}} [[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4 lifting off from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]], carrying [[Chandrayaan-3]] (2023)]] Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), previously known as GSLV Mk III, is the heaviest rocket in operational service with ISRO. Equipped with a more powerful cryogenic engine and boosters than GSLV, it has significantly higher payload capacity and allows India to launch all its communication satellites.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-masters-rocket-science-with-isro-sucessfully-launching-gsat-29-satellite/story-m72QQBzx7fxEYLyyoMRgPI.html |title='India masters rocket science': Here's why the new ISRO launch is special |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195243/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-masters-rocket-science-with-isro-sucessfully-launching-gsat-29-satellite/story-m72QQBzx7fxEYLyyoMRgPI.html |url-status=live}}</ref> LVM3 is expected to carry [[Gaganyaan|India's first crewed mission to space]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaganyaan: Isro's unmanned space mission for December 2020 likely to be delayed |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/gaganyaan-isro-s-unmanned-space-mission-for-dec-2020-likely-to-be-delayed-120081600635_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=16 August 2020 |access-date=19 March 2021 |via=Press Trust of India |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203718/https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/gaganyaan-isro-s-unmanned-space-mission-for-dec-2020-likely-to-be-delayed-120081600635_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and will be the testbed for [[SCE-200]] engine which will power India's [[heavy-lift launch vehicle|heavy-lift rockets]] in the future.<ref name="Episode 90">{{Cite web |title=Episode 90 β An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=AstrotalkUK |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029030030/https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Decade ! Successful ! Partial success ! Failure ! Total |- | 2010s | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-nov-2018/gslv-mkiii-d2-successfully-launches-gsat-29 |title=GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29 |publisher=ISRO |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224155/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-nov-2018/gslv-mkiii-d2-successfully-launches-gsat-29 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- | 2020s | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO launches LVM3-M3 OneWeb India-2 mission with 36 satellites; all you need to know |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/isro-lvm-iii-rocket-with-36-oneweb-satellites-launch-11679790470686.html |website=MINT |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326010816/http://www.livemint.com/news/india/isro-lvm-iii-rocket-with-36-oneweb-satellites-launch-11679790470686.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | Total | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |} === Small Satellite Launch Vehicle === {{Main|Small Satellite Launch Vehicle}} [[File:Mrm7669 Launch of SSLV-D1 from Satish Dhawan FLP.jpg|thumb|SSLV D1 lifting off from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|SDSC FLP]]]] The '''Small Satellite Launch Vehicle''' ('''SSLV''') is a [[small-lift launch vehicle]] developed by the ISRO with payload capacity to deliver {{cvt|500|kg}} to [[low Earth orbit]] ({{cvt|500|km}}) or {{cvt|300|kg}} to [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] ({{cvt|500|km}})<ref name=SSLV_UMv2>{{cite web |url=http://nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/u1/SSLV%20Technical%20Brochure%20V12.pdf |title=SSLV technical brochure V12 |date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220153651/http://nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/u1/SSLV%20Technical%20Brochure%20V12.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> for launching small satellites, with the capability to support multiple orbital drop-offs.<ref>Gunter's space page: [https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm SSLV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817092258/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm |date=17 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{cite web |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm |title=SSLV |website=space.skyrocket.de |access-date=2018-12-09 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817092258/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/sslv.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DoS_20190118">{{cite web |url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf |title=Department of Space presentation on 18 January 2019 |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053353/http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Decade ! Successful ! Partial success ! Failure ! Total |- | 2020s | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |} === Rohini Sounding Rockets === {{Main|Rohini (rocket family)}} [[File:Rohini rockets family shapes-03.jpg|thumb|Rohini rocket family]] '''Rohini''' is a series of [[sounding rockets]] developed by ISRO<ref>{{Cite web |title=RH |url=http://www.astronautix.com/r/rh.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> for [[meteorological]] and atmospheric study. These sounding rockets are capable of carrying [[Payload (air and space craft)|payloads]] of {{convert|2|to|200|kg}} between altitudes of {{convert|100|to|500|km}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanium|first=T S|title=Reaching out to the stars|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2101/stories/20040116004011600.htm|access-date=10 March 2012|newspaper=Frontline|date=16 January 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219205953/http://flonnet.com/fl2101/stories/20040116004011600.htm|archive-date=19 February 2010}}</ref> The ISRO currently uses RH-200, RH-300,Mk-II, RH-560 Mk-II and RH-560 Mk-III rockets, which are launched from the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS) in [[Thumba]] and the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]].
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