Editing Kyoto Protocol (section)

===Annex I countries===
Total aggregate GHG emissions excluding emissions/removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF, i.e., carbon storage in forests and soils) for all Annex I Parties (see list below) including the United States taken together decreased from 19.0 to 17.8 thousand [[Orders of magnitude (mass)|teragrams]] (Tg, which is equal to 10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;kg) {{CO2}} equivalent, a decline of 6.0% during the 1990–2008 period.<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications">{{citation
 | year=2011
 | author=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC)
 | title=Compilation and synthesis of fifth national communications. Executive summary. Note by the secretariat.
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/sbi/eng/inf01.pdf
 | publisher=United Nations Office at Geneva
 | location=Geneva (Switzerland)
 | access-date=9 December 2011
 | archive-date=23 April 2022
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423082034/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/sbi/eng/inf01.pdf
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>{{Rp|3|date=November 2012}} Several factors have contributed to this decline.<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications"/>{{Rp|14|date=November 2012}} The first is due to the economic restructuring in the Annex I Economies in Transition<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications"/>{{Rp|14|date=November 2012}} (the EITs – see [[Kyoto Protocol#Intergovernmental Emissions Trading|Intergovernmental Emissions Trading]] for the list of EITs). Over the period 1990–1999, emissions fell by 40% in the EITs following the collapse of [[planned economy|central planning]] in the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Europe|east European]] countries.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions">{{citation
|title=Long-term trend in global {{CO2}} emissions; 2011 report
|date=21 September 2011
|last1=Olivier
|first1=J. G. J.
|url=http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/C02%20Mondiaal_%20webdef_19sept.pdf
|publisher=PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency; Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC)
|location=The Hague, Netherlands
|isbn=978-90-78645-68-9
|display-authors=etal
|access-date=9 December 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221123511/http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/C02%20Mondiaal_%20webdef_19sept.pdf
|archive-date=21 December 2011
|url-status=dead
}} PBL publication number 500253004. JRC Technical Note number JRC65918.</ref>{{Rp|25|date=November 2012}} This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.{{sfn|Carbon Trust|2009|p=24}}

Emissions growth in Annex I Parties have also been limited due to policies and measures (PaMs).<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications"/>{{Rp|14|date=November 2012}} In particular, PaMs were strengthened after 2000, helping to enhance energy efficiency and develop renewable energy sources.<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications"/>{{Rp|14|date=November 2012}} Energy use also decreased during the economic crisis in 2007–2008.<ref name="2011 unfccc synthesis of annex I communications"/>{{Rp|14|date=November 2012}}

====Annex I parties with targets====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Percentage changes in emissions from the base year (1990 for most countries) for Annex I Parties with Kyoto targets
! Country !! Kyoto<br />target<br />2008–2012<ref name="Shislov" /> !! Kyoto<br />target<br />2013–2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf | title=Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol | date=2012 | publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2019-12-13 | archive-date=24 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224054705/http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/kp_doha_amendment_english.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> !! GHG<br />emissions<br />2008–2012<br />including<br />[[LULUCF]]<ref name="Shislov" /> !! GHG<br />emissions<br />2008–2012<br />excluding<br />LULUCF<ref name="Shislov" />
|-
| [[Australia]] || +8 || −0.5 || +3.2 || +30.3
|-
| [[Austria]] || −13 || −20 || +3.2 || +4.9
|-
| [[Belgium]] || −8 || −20 || −13.9 || −14.0
|-
| [[Bulgaria]] || −8 || −20 || −53.4 || −52.8
|-
| [[Canada]] (withdrew) || −6 || ''N/A'' || +18.5 || +18.5
|-
| [[Croatia]] || −5 || −20 || −10.8 || −7.5
|-
| [[Czech Republic]] || −8 || −20 || −30.6 || −30.0
|-
| [[Denmark]] || −21 || −20 || −17.3 || −14.8
|-
| [[Estonia]] || −8 || −20 || −54.2 || −55.3
|-
| [[Finland]] || 0 || −20 || −5.5 || −4.7
|-
| [[France]] || 0 || −20 || −10.5 || −10.0
|-
| [[Germany]] || −21 || −20 || −24.3 || −23.6
|-
| [[Greece]] || +25 || −20 || +11.5 || +11.9
|-
| [[Hungary]] || −6 || −20 || −43.7 || −41.8
|-
| [[Iceland]] || +10 || −20 || +10.2 || +19.4
|-
| [[Ireland]] || +13 || −20 || +11.0 || +5.1
|-
| [[Italy]] || −6 || −20 || −7.0 || −4.0
|-
| [[Japan]] || −6 || ''N/A'' || −2.5 || +1.4
|-
| [[Latvia]] || −8 || −20 || −61.2 || −56.4
|-
| [[Liechtenstein]] || −8 || −16 || +4.1 || +2.4
|-
| [[Lithuania]] || −8 || −20 || −57.9 || −55.6
|-
| [[Luxembourg]] || −28 || −20 || −9.3 || −8.7
|-
| [[Monaco]] || −8 || −22 || −12.5 || −12.5
|-
| [[Netherlands]] || −6 || −20 || −6.2 || −6.4
|-
| [[New Zealand]] || 0 || ''N/A'' || −2.7 || +20.4
|-
| [[Norway]] || +1 || −16 || +4.6 || +7.5
|-
| [[Poland]] || −6 || −20 || −29.7 || −28.8
|-
| [[Portugal]] || +27 || −20 || +5.5 || +22.4
|-
| [[Romania]] || −8 || −20 || −57.0 || −55.7
|-
| [[Russia]] || 0 || ''N/A'' || −36.3 || −32.7
|-
| [[Slovakia]] || −8 || −20 || −37.2 || −36.8
|-
| [[Slovenia]] || −8 || −20 || −9.7 || −3.2
|-
| [[Spain]] || +15 || −20 || +20.0 || +23.7
|-
| [[Sweden]] || +4 || −20 || −18.2 || −15.3
|-
| [[Switzerland]] || −8 || −15.8 || −3.9 || −0.8
|-
| [[Ukraine]] || 0 || −24 || −57.1 || −56.6
|-
| [[United Kingdom]] || −13 || −20 || −23.0 || −22.6
|-
| [[United States]] (did not ratify) || −7 || ''N/A'' || +9.5 || +9.5
|}

[[File:Carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion of Annex I Kyoto Protocol Parties 1990-2009.png|thumb|left|alt=Refer to caption and image description|{{CO2}} emissions from fuel combustion of Annex I Kyoto Protocol (KP) Parties, 1990–2009. Total Annex I KP emissions are shown, along with emissions of Annex II KP and Annex I EITs.]]

Collectively the group of industrialized countries committed to a Kyoto target, i.e., the Annex I countries excluding the US, had a target of reducing their GHG emissions by 4.2% on average for the period 2008–2012 relative to the base year, which in most cases is 1990.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions"/>{{Rp|24|date=November 2012}}

As noted in the preceding section, between 1990 and 1999, there was a large reduction in the emissions of the EITs.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions"/>{{Rp|25|date=November 2012}} The reduction in the EITs is largely responsible for the total (aggregate) reduction (excluding LULUCF) in emissions of the Annex I countries, excluding the US.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions"/>{{Rp|25|date=November 2012}} Emissions of the Annex II countries (Annex I minus the EIT countries) have experienced a limited increase in emissions from 1990 to 2006, followed by stabilization and a more marked decrease from 2007 onwards.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions"/>{{Rp|25|date=November 2012}} The emissions reductions in the early nineties by the 12 EIT countries who have since joined the EU, assist the present EU-27 in meeting its collective Kyoto target.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions"/>{{Rp|25|date=November 2012}}

In December 2011, Canada's environment minister, [[Peter Kent]], formally announced that [[Climate change in Canada|Canada]] would withdraw from the Kyoto accord a day after the end of the [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] (see the section on the [[Kyoto Protocol#Withdrawal of Canada|withdrawal of Canada]]).<ref name="vaughan 2011 canada withdrawal">{{cite web
 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-withdrawal-kyoto-protocol?intcmp=239
 | last= Vaughan
 | first= A
 | title= What does Canada's withdrawal from Kyoto protocol mean?
 | work= The Guardian
 | date= 13 December 2011
 | access-date= 17 December 2011
 | archive-date= 19 April 2015
 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150419040405/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-withdrawal-kyoto-protocol?intcmp=239
 | url-status= live
 }}</ref>

====Annex I parties without Kyoto targets====
Belarus, Malta, and Turkey are Annex I Parties but did not have first-round Kyoto targets.<ref>{{citation
 |title        = CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2011 - Highlights
 |year         = 2011
 |author       = International Energy Agency (IEA)
 |url          = http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf
 |publisher    = IEA
 |location     = Paris, France
 |page         = 13
 |access-date  = 9 December 2011
 |archive-date = 2 February 2012
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120202035728/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref> The US had a Kyoto target of a 7% reduction relative to the 1990 level, but has not ratified the treaty.<ref name="Shislov" /> If the US had ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the average percentage reduction in total GHG emissions for the Annex I group would have been a 5.2% reduction relative to the base year.<ref name="Long term trend in global CO2 emissions"/>{{Rp|26|date=November 2012}}