Editing MDMA (section)

===Post-scheduling===
[[File:1995-04-08 Vibe Tribe 09 (10937582).jpg|thumb|A 1995 Vibe Tribe rave in [[Erskineville, New South Wales]], Australia being broken up by police. MDMA use spread globally along with rave culture.]]
[[File:Ecstasy - Is it Really the Dream Drug.ogv|thumb|A 2000 [[United States Air Force]] video dramatizing the dangers of MDMA misuse]]

The use of MDMA in Texas clubs declined rapidly after criminalization, but by 1991, the drug became popular among young middle-class whites and in nightclubs.<ref name="Beck & Rosenbaum"/> In 1985, MDMA use became associated with [[acid house]] on the Spanish island of [[Ibiza]].<ref name="Beck & Rosenbaum"/>{{rp|50}}<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=McKinley JC|title=Overdoses of 'Molly' Led to Electric Zoo Deaths|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/overdoses-of-molly-led-to-electric-zoo-deaths/?_r=0|access-date=9 December 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=12 September 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204085710/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/overdoses-of-molly-led-to-electric-zoo-deaths/?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref> Thereafter, in the late 1980s, the drug spread alongside [[rave culture]] to the United Kingdom and then to other European and American cities.<ref name="Beck & Rosenbaum"/>{{rp|50}} Illicit MDMA use became increasingly widespread among young adults in universities and later, in high schools. Since the mid-1990s, MDMA has become the most widely used amphetamine-type drug by college students and teenagers.<ref name="Goldfrank 2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE |title=Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-160593-9|edition=9th}}</ref>{{rp|1080}} MDMA became one of the four most widely used illicit drugs in the US, along with [[cocaine]], [[heroin]], and [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].<ref name=rising>{{cite news| vauthors = Jennings P |author-link1=Peter Jennings|title=Ecstasy Rising|work=Primetime Thursday|issue=Special edition|publisher=ABC News|date=1 April 2004 |url=http://www.thedocumentarygroup.com/PJP/Transcripts%20Files/Script_Ecstasy.doc |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163756/http://www.thedocumentarygroup.com/PJP/Transcripts%20Files/Script_Ecstasy.doc|archive-date=27 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to some estimates as of 2004, only marijuana attracts more first time users in the United States.<ref name="rising"/>

After MDMA was criminalized, most medical use stopped, although some therapists continued to prescribe the drug illegally. Later,{{when|date=January 2015}} Charles Grob initiated an ascending-dose safety study in healthy volunteers. Subsequent FDA-approved MDMA studies in humans have taken place in the United States in Detroit ([[Wayne State University]]), Chicago ([[University of Chicago]]), San Francisco (UCSF and [[California Pacific Medical Center]]), [[Baltimore]] ([[National Institute on Drug Abuse|NIDA]]–[[NIH]] Intramural Program), and [[South Carolina]]. Studies have also been conducted in Switzerland (University Hospital of Psychiatry, [[Zürich]]), the Netherlands ([[Maastricht University]]), and Spain ([[Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.maps.org/research/ | title = Bibliography of Psychedelic Research Studies. | work = Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) | location = Santa Cruz, CA | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011733/http://www.maps.org/research/ | archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>

"Molly", short for 'molecule', was recognized as a slang term for crystalline or powder MDMA in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|title = What Is Molly and Why Is It Dangerous?|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/what-molly-why-it-dangerous-n311291|vauthors = James SD|publisher = NBCNews.com|date = 23 February 2015|access-date = 23 February 2015|quote = Why is it called Molly? That's short for "molecule." "You can put a ribbon and bow on it and call it a cute name like 'Molly' and people are all in," said Paul Doering, professor emeritus of pharmacology at the University of Florida.|archive-date = 24 February 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150224063219/http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/what-molly-why-it-dangerous-n311291|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Aleksander I |title=Molly: Pure, but Not So Simple|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/fashion/molly-pure-but-not-so-simple.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/23/fashion/molly-pure-but-not-so-simple.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|access-date=24 February 2015|work=The New York Times|date=21 June 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2010, the BBC reported that use of MDMA had decreased in the UK in previous years. This may be due to increased seizures during use and decreased production of the precursor chemicals used to manufacture MDMA. Unwitting substitution with other drugs, such as [[mephedrone]] and [[methamphetamine]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://scientopia.org/blogs/drugmonkey/2010/09/19/mephedrone-4-methylmethcathinone-appearing-in-ecstasy-in-the-netherlands/|title=Mephedrone (4-Methylmethcathinone) appearing in "Ecstasy" in the Netherlands|date=19 September 2010|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105125943/http://scientopia.org/blogs/drugmonkey/2010/09/19/mephedrone-4-methylmethcathinone-appearing-in-ecstasy-in-the-netherlands/|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as legal alternatives to MDMA, such as [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[Methylenedioxypyrovalerone|MDPV]], and [[methylone]], are also thought to have contributed to its decrease in popularity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8468372.stm|title=Why ecstasy is 'vanishing' from UK nightclubs|date=19 January 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=14 February 2010|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907220833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8468372.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, it was found that some pills being sold as MDMA contained [[pentylone]], which can cause very unpleasant agitation and paranoia.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bish J |title=Watch Out for Pentylone, the Horrible New MDMA Additive |journal=Vice |date=Aug 4, 2017 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/watch-out-for-pentylone-the-horrible-new-mdma-additive/ |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901064627/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/pagjxg/watch-out-for-pentylone-the-horrible-new-mdma-additive |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to [[David Nutt]], when [[safrole]] was restricted by the United Nations in order to reduce the supply of MDMA, producers in China began using [[anethole]] instead, but this gives [[para-methoxyamphetamine]] (PMA, also known as "Dr Death"), which is much more toxic than MDMA and can cause overheating, muscle spasms, seizures, unconsciousness, and death. People wanting MDMA are sometimes sold PMA instead.<ref name=Nutt>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswgvh | title = Ecstasy on Prescription | work = BBC Business Daily | date = 29 May 2018 | access-date = 10 July 2021 | archive-date = 10 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210710093100/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswgvh | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2025, the BBC reported on a study of 650 survivors from the [[Nova music festival massacre]]. Two-thirds were under the influence of recreational drugs (MDMA, LSD, marijuana or psilocybin) when Hamas attacked the festival on [[October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel|October 7]], 2023. MDMA appeared to have a protective effect against later problems with sleeping and emotional distress.<ref name="a325">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Lucy |date=2025-03-07 |title=MDMA may have protected Nova attack survivors from trauma, study suggests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9wpy14wyd0o |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=BBC Home}}</ref><ref name="x587">{{cite web |last=Burns |first=Brielle |date=2025-03-08 |title=MDMA and LSD may have helped October 7 survivors |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/lsd-mdma-party-drugs-may-have-helped-survivors-of-october-7-attack-study-claims/news-story/361e7726844087d6d023f010bccf1c48 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=news.com.au}}</ref>