Editing Mirror test (section)

==== Mammals ====

===== Primates =====
[[Gibbon]] (g. ''Hylobates'', ''Symphalangus'' and ''Nomascus'') have failed to show self-recognition in at least two tests.<ref name="Suddendorf">{{cite journal |last1=Suddendorf |first1=Thomas |last2=Collier-Baker |first2=Emma |title=The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=7 May 2009 |volume=276 |issue=1662 |pages=1671–1677 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1754 |pmid=19324830 |pmc=2660989 }}</ref><ref name="Hyatt1998">{{cite journal| author=Hyatt, C.W. |year=1998 |title=Responses of gibbons (''Hylobates lar'') to their mirror images |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=307–311 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<307::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-# |pmid=9651653|s2cid=196596255 }}</ref> However, modified mirror tests with three species of [[gibbon]]s (''Hylobates syndactylus'', ''H. gabriellae'', ''H. leucogenys'') in 2000 showed convincing evidence of self-recognition even though the animals failed the standard version of the mirror test.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ujhelyi |first1=M. |last2=Merker |first2=B. |last3=Buk |first3=P. |last4=Geissmann|first4=T.|year=2000|title=Observations on the behavior of gibbons (''Hylobates leucogenys'', ''H. gabriellae'', and ''H. lar'') in the presence of mirrors |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253 |pmid=10994841 |s2cid=7350911}}</ref> Another study published in 2009 documents 12 cases of spontaneous self-recognition in front of the mirror by a pair of [[siamang]]s (Symphalangus syndactylus).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heschl |first1=Adolf |last2=Fuchsbichler |first2=Conny |title=Siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) Recognize their Mirror Image |journal=International Journal of Comparative Psychology |date=2009 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=221–233|doi=10.46867/IJCP.2009.22.04.03 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Capuchin monkey]] (''Cebus apella'') did not pass in one test<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roma |first1=P. |last2=Silberberg |first2=A. |last3=Huntsberry |first3=M. |last4=Christensen |first4=C. |last5=Ruggiero |first5=A |last6=Suomi |first6=S. |year=2007 |title=Mark tests for mirror self-recognition in Capuchin monkeys (''Cebus apella'') trained to touch marks |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=989–1000 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20404 |pmid=17253635 |s2cid=41302656}}</ref> but recognized the reflection as special in another.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Waal |first=Frans D. B. |date=July 29, 2005 |title=The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger |journal=Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=32 |pages=11140–11147 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503935102 |doi-access=free |pmid=16055557 |pmc=1183568 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10211140D }}</ref>

[[Rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta'') Though macaques failed the original mark test,<ref name="Gallup" /> they have been reported to exhibit other behaviours that indicate self-recognition.<ref name="Lauwereyns">{{cite journal |last1=Rajala |first1=A.Z. |last2=Reininger |first2=K.R. |last3=Lancaster |first3=K.M. |last4=Populin |first4=L.C. |year=2010 |title=Rhesus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=e12865 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...512865R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012865 |pmc=2947497 |pmid=20927365 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rhesus macaques have been observed to use mirrors to study otherwise-hidden parts of their bodies, such as their genitals and implants in their heads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pebsworth |first=Paula |date=October 24, 2023 |title=International Primatology Lecture 23 - Dr. Paula Pebsworth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_hMb-aNd4Q&t=2590s |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=YouTube: Kyoto University's Center for International Collaboration and Advanced Studies in Primatology}}</ref> It has been suggested this demonstrates at least a partial self-awareness, although further study is needed.<ref name="Wired">{{cite news |author=Brandon, K. |date=29 September 2010 |title=Monkeys see selves in mirror, open a barrel of questions |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/monkey-self-awareness/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114144225/https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/monkey-self-awareness/ |archive-date=January 14, 2011 |access-date=1 October 2010 |magazine=Wired}}</ref>

===== Pigs =====
[[Pig]]s can use visual information seen in a mirror to find food. In a 2009 experiment, seven of the eight pigs who spent 5 hours with a mirror were able to find a bowl of food hidden behind a wall and revealed using a mirror. Pigs that had no experience with mirrors, looked behind the mirror for the food.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Broom|first1=D. M. |last2=Sena|first2=H. |last3=Moynihan|first3=K. L. |year=2009|title=Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=78|issue=5|pages=1037–1041|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.027|s2cid=53175225}}</ref> [[BBC Earth]] also showed the food bowl test,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smart Pigs vs Kids &#124; Extraordinary Animals |last= BBC Earth|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mza1EQ6aLdg|via=YouTube |date=Feb 19, 2014}}</ref> and the "matching shapes to holes" test, in the ''Extraordinary Animals'' series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are Pigs Self-Aware?&#124; The Private Life of Pigs &#124; Real Wild|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqD3FkDgGYk|via=YouTube}}</ref>

There is evidence of self-recognition when presented with their reflections. So far, pigs have not been observed to pass the mirror mark test, however.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mypigfilledlife.org/adopt/f/did-you-know-pigs-are-self-aware | title=Did you know? Pigs are self aware! }}</ref>