Editing Non-lethal weapon (section)

=== Dazzler ===
A [[Dazzler (weapon)|dazzler]] is a [[directed-energy weapon]] intended to temporarily blind or disorient its target with intense directed radiation. Targets can include sensors or human vision. Dazzlers emit [[infrared]] or invisible light against various electronic sensors, and [[visible light]] against humans, when they are intended to cause no long-term damage to [[eye]]s. The emitters are usually [[laser]]s, making what is termed a ''laser dazzler''. Most of the contemporary systems are man-portable, and operate in either the red (a [[laser diode]]) or green (a [[diode-pumped solid-state laser]], DPSS) areas of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Initially developed for military use, non-military products are becoming available for use in law enforcement and security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/us-cops-and-military-to-get-laser-guns-602983 |title=US cops and military to get laser guns |date=27 May 2009 |author=Mark Harris |publisher=[[Techradar.com]] |access-date=28 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-20011548-71.html |title=Police to experiment with blinding 'Dazer Laser'? |author=Chris Matyszczyk |date=23 July 2010 |publisher=[[CNET]].com |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025223731/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-20011548-71.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Weapons designed to cause permanent blindness are banned by the 1995 [[United Nations]] [[Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons]]. The dazzler is a [[non-lethal force|non-lethal]] [[weapon]] intended to cause [[Flash blindness|temporary blindness]] or disorientation and therefore falls outside this protocol.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

[[File:PHASR Rifle.jpg|thumb|PHASR Rifle]]
The [[personnel halting and stimulation response rifle]] (PHASR) is a prototype [[Non-lethal force|non-lethal]] [[laser]] [[dazzler (weapon)|dazzler]] developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Directed Energy Directorate, U.S. [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].<ref>Eva D. Blaylock (Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate Public Affairs). [https://www.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123012699/ New technology 'dazzles' aggressors], The Official Website of the U.S. Air Force, Posted November 2, 2005</ref> Its purpose is to temporarily disorient and blind a target. Blinding laser weapons have been tested in the past, but were banned under the 1995 UN [[Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons]], which the United States [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties|acceded]] to on 21 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unog.ch/__80256ee600585943.nsf/(httpPages)/3ce7cfc0aa4a7548c12571c00039cb0c?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=1%2C3%2C2#_Section1|title=United Nations Office at Geneva|publisher=www.unog.ch|access-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> The PHASR rifle, a low-intensity laser, is not prohibited under this regulation, as the blinding effect is intended to be temporary.  It also uses a two-wavelength laser.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071204111913/http://www.kirtland.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070404-043.pdf PERSONNEL HALTING and STIMULATION RESPONSE (PHaSR) Fact Sheet], Air Force Research Laboratory, Office of Public Affairs, April 2006; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080313035036/http://www.kirtland.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070404-043.pdf Archived]</ref> The PHASR was tested at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]], part of the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] [[Air Force Research Laboratory#Directorates|Directed Energy Directorate]] in [[New Mexico]].{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

====Blinding laser weapons====
Several nations developed blinding laser weapons and they were allegedly used during the [[war in Donbas]] by Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uawire.org/news/three-ukrainian-border-guards-in-the-donbas-suffer-retina-burns-after-being-shot-with-laser-pointers|title=UAWire - Three Ukrainian border guards in the Donbas suffer retina burns after being shot with laser weapons|website=uawire.org}}</ref>

==== Long Range Acoustic Device ====
The [[Long Range Acoustic Device]] (LRAD) is an [[acoustic hailing device]] developed by [[LRAD Corporation]] to send messages and warning tones over longer distances or at higher volume than normal [[loudspeaker]]s. LRAD systems are used for long-range communications in a variety of applications<ref name="lradx.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lradx.com/application/|title=Long Range Acoustic Device Industry Applications - Public Safety & Security Solution|access-date=2016-08-07|archive-date=2017-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310075013/https://www.lradx.com/application/|url-status=dead}}</ref> including as a means of non-lethal, non-kinetic crowd control.  Though they have been called "sonic weapons",<ref>{{cite web|last=Sheets|first=Tess|title=P.A. system or 'sonic weapon'? Cops' use of military-grade speakers at Orlando protests prompts backlash|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-ne-orlando-george-floyd-protests-lrad-opd-20200625-vke7xwiggbg23llwetr4eggsz4-story.html|access-date=2021-07-04|website=orlandosentinel.com|date=25 June 2020 }}</ref> LRADs are not inherently for military use.  The round black devices on top of New York City police Hummers are LRADs.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

According to the manufacturer's specifications, the systems weigh from {{convert|15|to|320|lb}} and can emit sound in a 30°- 60° beam at 2.5&nbsp;kHz.<ref name="Corbett 2009 65">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0kUYUOtG0AC&pg=PA65 |page=65 |last=Corbett |first=Peter |title=A Modern Plague of Pirates |isbn=978-0-9562107-0-8|year=2009 |publisher=Captain Peter Corbett }}</ref> The manufacturer also produces systems for public address and mass notification use that broadcast 360°.<ref name="LRAD Corporation website">{{cite web|url=http://www.lradx.com/product_categories/lrad_mass_notification_systems/|title=LRAD Mass Notification & Life Safety Systems Archives - LRAD Corporation|access-date=2016-08-07|archive-date=2017-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310073033/https://www.lradx.com/product_categories/lrad_mass_notification_systems/|url-status=dead}}</ref>