Editing Open access (section)

== History ==
{{summarize|History of open access|date=May 2018}}
{{main|History of open access}}

{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 440
| image1            = OA by year.png
| caption1          = The number and proportion of open access articles split between Gold, Green, Hybrid, Bronze and closed access (1950–2016)<ref name="Piwowar2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Piwowar |first1=Heather |last2=Priem |first2=Jason |last3=Larivière |first3=Vincent |last4=Alperin |first4=Juan Pablo |last5=Matthias |first5=Lisa |last6=Norlander |first6=Bree |last7=Farley |first7=Ashley |last8=West |first8=Jevin |last9=Haustein |first9=Stefanie |date=13 February 2018 |title=The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |pages=e4375 |doi=10.7717/peerj.4375 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=5815332 |pmid=29456894 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
| image2            = OA by subject.png
| caption2          = Ratios of article access types for different subjects (averaged 2009–2015)<ref name="Piwowar2018" />
}}

[[File:Share of hybrid open access articles in journal of top three publishers.png|Share of hybrid open access (OA) articles in the subscription journals of the top three publishers. JCR, Journal Citation Reports. Reproduced|thumb]]

=== Extent ===
Various studies have investigated the extent of open access. A study published in 2010 showed that roughly 20% of the total number of peer-reviewed articles published in 2008 could be found openly accessible.<ref name="doi10.1371/journal.pone.0011273">{{Cite journal |last1=Björk |first1=B. C. |last2=Welling |first2=P. |last3=Laakso |first3=M. |last4=Majlender |first4=P. |last5=Hedlund |first5=T. |last6=Guðnason |first6=G. N. |year=2010 |editor-last=Scalas |editor-first=Enrico |title=Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e11273 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...511273B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0011273 |pmc=2890572 |pmid=20585653|doi-access=free }}</ref> Another study found that by 2010, 7.9% of all academic journals with [[impact factor]]s were gold open access journals and showed a broad distribution of Gold Open Access journals throughout academic disciplines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cummings |first=J. |year=2013 |title=Open access journal content found in commercial full-text aggregation databases and journal citation reports |journal=New Library World |volume=114 |issue=3/4 |pages=166–178 |doi=10.1108/03074801311304078 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2376/4903}}</ref> A study of random journals from the [[citation index|citations indexes]] AHSCI, SCI and SSCI in 2013 came to the result that 88% of the journals were closed access and 12% were open access.<ref name="fuchs2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Fuchs |first1=Christian |last2=Sandoval |first2=Marisol |year=2013 |title=The diamond model of open access publishing: Why policy makers, scholars, universities, libraries, labour unions and the publishing world need to take non-commercial, non-profit open access serious |journal=TripleC |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=428–443 |doi=10.31269/triplec.v11i2.502 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In August 2013, a study done for the [[European Commission]] reported that 50% of a random sample of all articles published in 2011 as indexed by [[Scopus]] were freely accessible online by the end of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open access to research publications reaching 'tipping point' |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-786_en.htm?locale=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824231615/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-786_en.htm?locale=en |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |website=Press Releases |publisher=europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2013 |title=Proportion of Open Access Peer-Reviewed Papers at the European and World Levels—2004–2011 |url=http://www.science-metrix.com/pdf/SM_EC_OA_Availability_2004-2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903142257/http://www.science-metrix.com/pdf/SM_EC_OA_Availability_2004-2011.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Science-Metrix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Noorden |first=Richard |year=2013 |title=Half of 2011 papers now free to read |journal=Nature |volume=500 |issue=7463 |pages=386–7 |bibcode=2013Natur.500..386V |doi=10.1038/500386a |pmid=23969438 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2017 study by the [[Max Planck Society]] put the share of gold access articles in pure open access journals at around 13 percent of total research papers.<ref name="Max Planck Gesellschaft">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2015 |title=Area-wide transition to open access is possible: A new study calculates a redeployment of funds in Open Access |url=https://www.mpg.de/9202262/area-wide-transition-open-access |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616161356/https://www.mpg.de/9202262/area-wide-transition-open-access |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |website=www.mpg.de/en |publisher=Max Planck Gesellschaft}}</ref>

In 2009, there were approximately 4,800 active open access journals, publishing around 190,000 articles.<ref name="Björk2011">{{Cite journal |last=Björk |first=Bo-Christer |year=2011 |title=A Study of Innovative Features in Scholarly Open Access Journals |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=e115 |doi=10.2196/jmir.1802 |pmc=3278101 |pmid=22173122 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As of February 2019, over 12,500 open access journals are listed in the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]].<ref name="Directory of Open Access Journals">{{Cite web |title=Directory of Open Access Journals |url=https://doaj.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827194107/https://doaj.org/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=26 February 2019 |publisher=Directory of Open Access Journals}}</ref>

[[File:Gold vs green OA at individual universities.jpg|thumb
|<div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em">[[File:interactive icon.svg|18px|link=File:Gold vs green OA at individual universities by year.webm|The image above is animated when clicked|alt=The image above is interactive when clicked]]</div> Gold OA vs green OA by institution for 2017 (size indicates number of outputs, colour indicates region). Note: articles may be both green and gold OA so x and y values do not sum to total OA.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q99410785|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Institutions' open access over time: Evolution of green and gold OA|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/oaspa_talk_files/institution_scatter.html|access-date=2021-10-13|website=storage.googleapis.com|publisher=Curtin Open Knowledge Initiative}}</ref> |link=File:Gold vs green OA at individual universities by year.webm]]

A 2013-2018 report (GOA4) found that in 2018 over 700,000 articles were published in gold open access in the world, of which 42% was in journals with no author-paid fees.<ref name="GOA4" /> The figure varies significantly depending on region and kind of publisher: 75% if university-run, over 80% in Latin America, but less than 25% in Western Europe.<ref name="GOA4">{{Cite book |last=Walt Crawford |url=https://waltcrawford.name/goa4.pdf |title=Gold Open Access 2013-2018: Articles in Journals (GOA4) |publisher=Cites & Insights Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-329-54713-1 |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506181508/https://waltcrawford.name/goa4.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Crawford's study did not count open access articles published in "hybrid" journals (subscription journals that allow authors to make their individual articles open in return for payment of a fee). More comprehensive analyses of the scholarly literature suggest that this resulted in a significant underestimation of the prevalence of author-fee-funded OA publications in the literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piwowar |first1=H. |last2=Priem |first2=J. |last3=Larivière |first3=V. |last4=Alperin |first4=J. P. |last5=Matthias |first5=L. |last6=Norlander |first6=B. |last7=Farley |first7=A. |last8=West |first8=J. |last9=Haustein |first9=S. |year=2018 |title=The state of OA: A large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles |journal=PeerJ |volume=6 |pages=e4375 |doi=10.7717/peerj.4375 |pmc=5815332 |pmid=29456894 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Crawford's study also found that although a minority of open access ''journals'' impose charges on authors, a growing majority of open access ''articles'' are published under this arrangement, particularly in the science disciplines (thanks to the enormous output of open access "mega journals", each of which may publish tens of thousands of articles in a year and are invariably funded by author-side charges—see Figure 10.1 in GOA4).

According to [[Scopus]] database in August, 2024, 46.2% of works, indexed therein and published in 2023, had some form of open access. More than half of the OA publications (27.5% of all indexed works in 2023) were in fully Gold Open Access sources, 16.7% of all were in Green OA sources (i.e. which allow for self-archiving by authors), 9.2 % in Hybrid Gold OA sources (such as journals, which have open access and behind-paywall articles in the same issue), and 10.6 % were in Bronze OA sources (free-to-read on the publishers' websites).<ref>{{cite web |title=Scopus Advanced Search |url-access=registration|url=https://www.scopus.com/results/results.uri?sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=7c069198c393343d11b72b903c0e4a02&sot=a&sdt=a&sl=14&s=PUBYEAR+%3D+2023&origin=searchadvanced&editSaveSearch=&txGid=45ccd8149540fa063d893d60c4e835dc&sessionSearchId=7c069198c393343d11b72b903c0e4a02&limit=10 }}{{registration required}}</ref>

[[File:Percentage of Open Access articles from 8 oldest journal publishers, WebOfScience data.png|thumb|Percentage of Open Access articles from 8 oldest journal publishers. The data were extracted from Web of Science database on 2023-01-30.]]
The adoption of Open Access publishing varies significantly from publisher to publisher, as shown in Fig. OA-Plot, where only the oldest (traditional) publishers are shown, but not the newer publishers, that use the Open Access model exclusively. This plot shows, that since 2010 the [[Institute of Physics]] has the largest percentage of OA publications, while the [[American Chemical Society]] has the lowest. Both the [[IOP Publishing|IOP]] and the [[American Chemical Society|ACS]] are non-profit publishers. The increase in OA percentage for articles published before ca. 1923 is related to the expiration of a 100-year [[copyright term]]. Some publishers (e.g. [[IOP Publishing|IOP]] and [[American Chemical Society|ACS]] made many such articles available as Open Access, while others ([[Elsevier]] in particular) did not.

The [[Registry of Open Access Repositories]] (ROAR) indexes the creation, location and growth of open access [[Open-access repository|open access-repositories]] and their contents.<ref name="roar2">[http://roar.eprints.org/ "Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030222530/http://roar.eprints.org/|date=30 October 2012}}. Roar.eprints.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> As of February 2019, over 4,500 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered in ROAR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Browse by Repository Type |url=http://roar.eprints.org/view/type/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011403/http://roar.eprints.org/view/type/ |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=Registry of Open Access Repositories}}</ref>