Editing Public–private partnership (section)

== Other types ==
While long-term infrastructure projects compose the bulk of P3s worldwide, other types of Public–private partnerships exist to suit different purposes and actors.

=== Asset monetization ===
A form of P3 that became prevalent in American cities during the 21st century are ''asset monetization'' arrangements. They concerns a city's revenue-generating assets (parking lots, garage and meters, public lights, toll roads, etc.) and transforms them into financial assets that the city can lease to a private corporation in exchange for covering operation and maintenance. These deals are usually done during periods of financial distress for the city, and the immediate revenues municipalities receive is used to pay down the debt or to fill budget holes. The 2014 [[Detroit bankruptcy]] deal included many asset monetization arrangements.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Whiteside|first=Heather|title=Public-private partnerships|publisher=Fernwood Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-55266-896-2|location=Halifax|chapter=Why are P3s?|oclc=952801311}}</ref>

===Global public–private partnership===

[[Global public–private partnership]] (GPPP) is a governance mechanism to foster public–private partnership (PPP) cooperation between an international [[intergovernmental organisation]] like the [[United Nations]] and [[private companies]]. Existing GPPPs strive, among other things, to increase affordable access to non-generic [[essential drugs]] and vaccines in developing countries,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klock|first=Kevin A.|date=2016-10-01|title=International Public Private Partnerships as Part of the Solution to Infectious Disease Threats: Operational, Legal, and Governance Considerations|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3971005 |doi-access=free |ssrn=3971005 |ssrn-access=free }}</ref> and to<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access to affordable essential medicines |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/mdg/MDG08ChapterEMedsEn.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119153405/http://www.who.int/medicines/mdg/MDG08ChapterEMedsEn.pdf |archive-date=Jan 19, 2022 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> promote [[handwashing]] with soap to reduce [[diarrhoea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Global Handwashing Partnership|url=https://globalhandwashing.org/|website=globalhandwashing.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>
{{anchor|IPPP}}

===Institutionalised public–private partnership===

The [[European Commission]] issued an "interpretative communication" in 2008 regarding the establishment of '''institutionalised public–private partnerships''' (IPPP), whose formation generally involves simultaneously creating a new jointly-owned public–private entity and the award of a public sector contract or concession whereby the new entity supplies goods or services to the public body or the general public. The Commission acknowledged that separating these two procedures, such that the selection of the private partner and the decision on whether to contract with the new entity were distinct processes, would not be practical, and therefore a "transparent and competitive procedure" through which the private partner was identified and the terms of their involvement in the institutionalised entity could be compliant with treaty obligations and public procurement law. The guidance also noted that, following the establishment of the IPPP entity, it would be free to bid for future public contracts in the same way as other businesses, but particular care would be needed to ensure that the award process remained transparent.<ref>European Commission, [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:091:0004:0009:EN:PDF Commission interpretative communication on the application of Community law on Public Procurement and Concessions to institutionalised PPP (IPPP)], 2008/C 91/02, published 12 April 2008, accessed 8 August 2023</ref>

=== Market-led proposal ===

Market-led proposals (MLP) are P3s proposed by the private sector. MLP policies encourage private sector firms to make unsolicited P3 infrastructure project proposals to the government, instead of putting the onus on the state to propose each projects. During the 2010s, MLP policies were implemented in most [[Australian states and territories]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|chapter 5}} Amy Sarcevic from [[Informa]] Australia notes that "to date, market-led proposals have had a relatively high failure rate".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarcevic|first=Amy|date=2018-06-05|title=Do market-led proposals have their place? {{!}} News & Insights|url=https://www.informa.com.au/insight/market-led-proposals-place/|access-date=2020-06-07|website=Informa Australia|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Public–private–community partnerships===
Public–private partnerships with non-profits and private partners, sometimes called Public–private–community partnerships (PPCPs), are a modified version of the PPP model designed for the needs of [[Third world countries]].<ref name=":5" /> They were notably proposed by the [[Asian Development Bank]] as early as 1991 as an "institutional reform ... to facilitate the participation of individuals, CBOs [community based organizations], other [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] and the private sector" so that they become "actively involved in planning and management".<ref>[[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB). 1991. ''The Urban Poor and Basic Infrastructure Services in Asia and the Pacific'', Vol. I. Asian Development Bank: Manila.</ref>

=== Social impact bond ===
[[Social impact bond]]s (also called ''pay for success'' bonds) are "a public–private partnership which funds effective social services through a performance-based contract", according to [[Social Finance (consultancy)|Social Finance]]'s definition.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Social Finance (consultancy)|Social Finance]] |date=July 2016 |title=Social Impact Bonds: The Early Years |url=https://socialfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/SIBs-Early-Years_Social-Finance_2016_Final.pdf}}</ref> They operate over a fixed period of time, but they do not offer a fixed rate of return. Generally, repayment to investors is contingent upon a specified social outcome being achieved.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 2009|title=Social Impact Bonds: Rethinking finance for social outcomes|url=https://www.socialfinance.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/sib_report_web.pdf|publisher=[[Social Finance (consultancy)|Social Finance Ltd]]|publication-place=[[London]]}}</ref> A similar system, [[development impact bond]]s, is being implemented in [[developing country|developing countries]].